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Anatomy > Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch25 > Flashcards

Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch25 Flashcards

1
Q

primary sex organs

A

or gonads, are the testes in males and the ovaries in females

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2
Q

gametes

A

sex cells produced by the gonads, sperm in males and ovum (egg) in females, that fuse to form a fertilized egg

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3
Q

accessory sex organs

A

all other genitalia in both sexes, including the internal glands and ducts that nourish the gametes and transport them toward the outside of the body, and the external genitalia

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4
Q

testes

A

”"”witnesses””, or testicles, paired, oval, located in the scrotum”

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5
Q

scrotum

A

”"”pouch””, sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs inferiorly external to the abdominpelvic cavity at the root of the penis”

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6
Q

dartos muscle

A

”"”skinned””, a layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia responsible for wrinkling the scrotal skin (under cold conditions)”

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7
Q

cremaster muscles

A

””” suspender””, bands of skeletal muscle that extend inferiorly from the internal oblique muscles of the trunk responsible for elevating the testes. under hot conditions, these muscles relax, so the scrotal skin is flaccid and loose, and the testes hang low to increase the skin surface available for cooling (sweating); this also moves the testis farther away from the warm trunk”

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8
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

serous sac that partially encloses each testis within the scrotum

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9
Q

tunica albuginea

A

”"”white coat””, just deep to the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis lies the fibrous capsule of the testis<br></br>the one in females is much thinner than the one in males”

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10
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

”"”sperm-carrying””, one to four in each of 250-300 lobules, coiled, the actual ““sperm factories”””

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11
Q

straight tubule

A

posteriorly, the seminiferous tubules of each lobule converge to forme a _ that conveys sperm into the rete testis

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12
Q

rete testis

A

”"”network of the testis””, a complex network of tiny branching tubes, lies inthe mediastinum testis, a region of dense connective tissue in the postrior part of the testis”

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13
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

”"”tendril-shaped””, venous network in the scrotum, the veins of this network absorb heat from the arterial blood cooling it before it enters the testes and thereby keeping the testes cool”

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14
Q

spermatogenic cells

A

in the process of forming sperm which begins at puberty

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15
Q

myoid cells

A

smooth-muscle-like, several layers surround seminiferous tubules, contract rhythmically

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16
Q

interstitial cells

A

loose connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules contains clusters of _, spherical or polygon-shaped cells that make and secrete the male sext hormones, or androgens

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17
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

hormone from the anterior part of the pituitary that stimulates testoterone secretion and controls its effects on the entire male reproductive system

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18
Q

epididymis

A

”"”beside the testis””, where sperm mature, comma-shaped organ that arches over the posterior and lateral side of the testis”

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19
Q

duct of the epididymis

A

highly coiled duct that completes the head and forms all of the body and tail of this organ

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20
Q

stereocilia

A

luminal surface of this epithilium bears tufts of long microvilli, which are not cilia and do not move

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21
Q

ductus deferens

A

”"”carrying away””, or vas deferens, stores and transports sperm during ejaculation”

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22
Q

ampulla of the ductus deferens

A

”"”flask””, distal end of the ductus deferens expands as the _ and then joins with the duct of the seminal gland to form the short ejaculatory duct”

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23
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

runs within the prostate, where it empties into the prostatic urethra

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24
Q

spermatic cord

A

a tube of fascia that also contains the testicular vessels and nerves

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25
Q

inguinal canal

A

an obliquely oriented trough in the anterior abdominal wall

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26
Q

superficial inguinal ring

A

medial opening of the inguinal canal, V-shaped opening in this aponeurosis

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27
Q

deep inguinal ring

A

an opening in the fascia deep to the abdominal muscle, the transversus abdominis, where the ductus deferens and testicular vessels enter the pelvic cavity

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28
Q

semen

A

sperm plus the secretions of the accessory glands and accessory ducts

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29
Q

seminal glands/seminal vesicles

A

lie on the posterior surface of the bladder, secretion constitutes about 60% of the volume of semen

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30
Q

prostate

A

encircles the first part of the urethra just inferior to tho bladder, consists of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands of three classes (main, submucosal, and mucosal glands)

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31
Q

fibromuscular stroma

A

the prostate glands are embedded in a mass of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle

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32
Q

Prostatitis

A

inflammation of the prostate

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33
Q

bulbo-urethral glands

A

situated inferior to the prostate, within the urogenital diaphragm, produce a mucus which neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra and lubricates the urethra to smooth the passage of semen

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34
Q

penis

A

”"”tail””, male organ of sexual intercourse, delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract, with scrotum make up the external reproductive structures of the male”

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35
Q

glans penis

A

penis consists of an attached root and a free body that ends in an enlarged tip called the _

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36
Q

prepuce

A

or foreskin, the skin covering the penis is loose and extends distally around the glans to form a cuff

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37
Q

erectile bodies

A

thick tube covered by as heath of dense connective tissue and filled with a network of partitions that consist of smooth muscle and connective tissue

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38
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

”"”spongy body””, midventral erectile body surrounding the spongy urethra, enlarged distally where it forms the glands penis, and proximally where it forms a part of the rot called the bulb of the penis”

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39
Q

bulb of the penis

A

secured to the urogenital diaphragm and is covered externally by the sheetlike bulbospongiosus muscle

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40
Q

corpora cavernosa

A

”"”cavernous bodies””, paired dorsal erectile bodies make up most of the mass of the penis”

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41
Q

crura of the penis

A

”"”legs””, proximal ends of the corpora cavernosa in the root, each crus is anchored to the pubic arch of the bony pelvis and is covered by an ischiocavernosus muscle”

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42
Q

perineum (male)

A

”"”around the anus””, contains the scrotum, the root of the penis, and the anus; diamond-shaped area between the pubic symphysis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally, floor is formed by the muscles of the urogenital diaphragm and the superficial perineal space”

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43
Q

spermatogenesis

A

“formation of sperm, occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes throughout a man’s life, from puterty until death”

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44
Q

stermatogonia

A

sperm stem cells

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45
Q

type A (sperm daughter cells)

A

remain at the basal lamina to maintain the germ cell line

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46
Q

type B (sperm daughter cells)

A

move toward the lumen to become primary spermatocytes

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47
Q

primary spermatocytes

A

the cells undergoing meiosis I within the seminiferous tubules

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48
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

two from each primary spermatocytes, each undergoes meiosis II and prodeces two small cells called spermatids

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49
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatids differentiate into sperm, each spermatid undergoes a streamlining process as it fashions a tail and sheds superfluous cytoplasm

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50
Q

sperm cell

A

has a head, a midpiece, and a tail

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51
Q

head (of the sperm)

A

contains the nucleus with highly condensed chromatin surrounded by a helmetlike acrosome

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52
Q

acrosome

A

”"”tip piece””, a vesicle containing enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate and enter an egg”

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53
Q

midpiece (sperm)

A

contains mitochondria spiraled tightly around the core of the tail

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54
Q

tail (sperm)

A

elaborate flagellum

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55
Q

testosterone

A

the primary male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells of the testes

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56
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

from the anterior pituitary gland, with testosterone controll spermatogenesis

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57
Q

basal compartment

A

extends from the basal lamina to the tight junctions and contains the spermatogonia and ealiest primary seprmatocytes

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58
Q

adluminal compartment

A

”"”near the lumen””, lies internal to the tigh tjunctions and includes the more advanced spermatocytes and the lumen of the tubule”

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59
Q

menstrual cycle

A

reproductive cycle which averages 28 days in length

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60
Q

ovaries

A

paired, almond-shaped, located on the lateral sides of the uterus, lie aginst the bony lateral walls of the true pelvis in the fork of the iliac vessels

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61
Q

mesovarium

A

mesentery of the ovary is part of the broad ligament

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62
Q

broad ligament

A

a large fold of peritoneum that hangs from the uterus and the uterine tubes like a tent

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63
Q

suspensory ligament of the ovary

A

lateral continuation of the broad ligament, attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall

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64
Q

ovarian ligament

A

a distinct fibrous band enclosed within the broad ligamen that anchors the ovary to the uterus medially

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65
Q

germinal epithelium

A

simple cuboidal epithelium covers the tunica albuginea

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66
Q

ovarian cortex

A

houses the developing gametes

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67
Q

oocytes

A

”"”egg cells””, developing gametes while in the ovary”

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68
Q

follicles (reproductive system)

A

”"”little bags””, all oocytes occure within saclike multicellular structures called _ which enlarge substantially as they mature”

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69
Q

ovarian medulla

A

loose connective tissue containing the largest blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels of the ovary; these vessels enter the ovary trhough the hilum, a horizontal slit in the anterior ovarian surface where the mesovarium attaches

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70
Q

uterine tubes

A

aka oviducts aka fallopian tubes, receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site for fertilization

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71
Q

infundibulum (reproductive system)

A

”"”funnel””, and open funnel at the lateral region of the uterine tube opens into the peritoneal cavity”

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72
Q

fimbriae

A

”"”fibers, a fringe””, margin of the infundibulum is surrounded by ciliated, fingerlike projections that drape over the ovary”

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73
Q

ampulla (reproductive system)

A

”"”flask””, medial to the infundibulum is the expanded _, which forms half the length of the uterine tube and is the site where fertilization usually occurs”

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74
Q

isthmus (reproductive system)

A

”"”a narrow passage””, medial third of the uterine tube”

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75
Q

mesosalpinx

A

”"”mesentery of the trumpet””, short mesentery that supports the uterine tube, a part of the broad ligament”

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76
Q

salpingectomy

A

surgical removal of a uterine tube

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77
Q

salpingitis

A

inflammation of a uterine tube

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78
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

widespread infection that originates in the vagina and uterus and spreads to the uterine tubes, ovaries, and ultimately the pelvic peritoneum

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79
Q

uterus

A

lies in the pelvic cavity anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder, functions are to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg throughout pregnancy

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80
Q

anteverted

A

tilted anteriorly, uterus is _ at the superior part of the vagina

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81
Q

retroverted

A

inclined posteriorly

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82
Q

fundus (uterus)

A

rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

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83
Q

isthmus (uterus)

A

slightly narrowed region inferior to the body

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84
Q

cervix

A

narrow neck of the uterus below the isthmus, inferior tip of which projects into the vagina

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85
Q

cervical canal

A

communicates with the vagina inferiorly via the external os (os=mouth) and with the cavity of the body superiorly via the internal os

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86
Q

mesometrium

A

”"”mesentery of the uterus””, largest division of the broad ligiment anchors the uterus to the lateral pelvic walls”

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87
Q

transverse cervical (cardinal) ligaments

A

run horizontally from the uterine cervix and superior vagina to the lateral pelvic walls, thickenings of the fascia of the pelvis

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88
Q

round ligaments of the uterus

A

each of which starts as a contiuation of the ovarian ligament on the superolateral aspect of the uterus, descends through the mesometrium and inguinal canal, and anchors in one of the labia majora of the external genitalia, binds the uterus to the anterior body wall

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89
Q

prolapse of the uterus

A

unsupported uterus sinks inferiorly until the tip of the cervix protrudes through the external vaginal opening

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90
Q

perimetrium

A

”"”around the uterus””, the outer serous membrane, is the peritoneum”

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91
Q

myometrium

A

”"”muscle of the uterus””, the bulky middle layer, consists of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle that contract during childbirth to expel the baby from the mother’s body”

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92
Q

endometrium

A

”"”within the uterus””, the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity. it consists of a simple columnar epithelium containing secretory and ciliated cells underlain by a laminy propria connective tissue. if fertilization occurs, the embryo burrows into the endometrium and resides there for the rest of its development”

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93
Q

functional layer

A

thick, inner _ (of the endometrium) undergoes cyclic changes in response to varying levels of ovarian hormones in the blood and is shed during mensruation

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94
Q

basal layer

A

the thin _ (of the endometrium) is not shed and is repsonsible for forming a new functional layer after mensruation ends

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95
Q

uterine glands

A

endometrium contains straight tubular _ that change in length as the endometrium thickens and thins

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96
Q

uterine arteries

A

arise from the internal iliac arteries in the pelvis, ascend along the sides of the uterine body, send branches into the uterine wall, and divide into arcuate arteries that course through the myometrium

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97
Q

radial arteries

A

reach the endometrium, where they give off straight arteries (basal arteries) to the basal layer and spiral arteries to the functional layer

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98
Q

spiral arteries

A

undergo degeneration and regeneration during each successive menstrual cycle, and they undergo spasms that cause the functional layer to shed during menstruation

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99
Q

vagina

A

”"”sheath””, thin-walled tube that lies inferior to the uterus, anterior to the rectum, and posterior to the urethra and bladder, receives the penis and semen during sexual intercourse and is the passageway for the birth of an infant”

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100
Q

vaginal orifice

A

“vagina’s external opening”

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101
Q

hymen

A

”"”membrane””, mucosa elaborates to form an incomplete diaphragm”

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102
Q

external genitalia

A

“aka vulva (““covering””) aka pudendum, structures include the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and strucuters associated with the vestibule”

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103
Q

mons pubis

A

”"”mountain on the pubis””, fatty, rounded pad overlying the pubic symphysisc, has pubic hair”

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104
Q

labia majora

A

two long, hair-covered, fatty skin folds extending posteriorly from the mons, female counterpart or homologue of the scrotum

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105
Q

labia minora

A

”"”smaller lips””, two thin, hairless folds of skin enclosed by the labia majora”

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106
Q

vestibule

A

”"”entrance hall””, recess enclosed by the labia minora, houses the external openings of the urethra and vagina”

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107
Q

fourchette

A

“aka frenulum of the labia (““little bridle of the lips””), ridge at the extreme posterior point of the vestiblule where the right and left labia minora come together”

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108
Q

clitoris

A

”"”hill””, just anterior to the vestible, a protruding structure composed largely of erectile tissue that is sensitive to touch and swells with blood during sexual stimulation, homologous to the penis”

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109
Q

prepuce of the clitoris

A

fold of skin formed by the anterior junction of the two labia minora that hoods the clitoris

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110
Q

bulbs of the vestibule

A

lie along each side of the vaginal orifice and directly deep to the bulbospongiosus muscle, form the basis of the female sexual response

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111
Q

perineum (female)

A

diamond-shaped region between the pubic arch anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally

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112
Q

oogenesis

A

”"”egg generation””, ova are produced in a process called _, includes the chromosome-reducetion divisions of meiosis”

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113
Q

oogonia

A

“stem cells which give rise to the female’s lifelong supply of oocytes, which are arrested in an early stage of meiosis I around the time of birth”

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114
Q

primary oocytes

A

“remain ““stalled”” in meiosis I for decades until they are ovulated from their follicle”

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115
Q

secondary oocyte

A

primary oocyte finishes meiosis one under the influence of the LH surge that signals ovulation and enters meiosis II as a _, but then arrests again and does not finish meiosis II until a sperm penetrates its plasma membrane

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116
Q

ovum

A

egg after the completion of meiosis II

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117
Q

polar bodies

A

oogenesis typically produces four daughter cells: the large ovum and three smaller cells called _ which contain primarily DNA (little cytoplasm) and degenerate quickly

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118
Q

ovarian cycle

A

menstrual cycle as it relates to the ovary, has three successive phases: follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase

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119
Q

primordial follicles

A

consists of an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat supportive cells called primordial follicular epithelial cells

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120
Q

follicular phase

A

start of the ovarian cycle, lasts two weeks, 6-12 primordial follicles start to grow initiating the _

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121
Q

primary follicle

A

when a primordial follicle starts to grow, its flat follicular cells become cuboidal and the oocyte grows larger, now the follicle is called a _

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122
Q

granulosa cells

A

follicular cells after they multiply to form a stratified epithelium around the oocyte

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123
Q

zona pellucida

A

”"”transparent belt””, glycoprotein coat, a protective shell that a sperm must eltimately penetrate to fertilize the oocyte”

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124
Q

follicular theca

A

”"”box around the follicle””, a layer of connective tisue condenses around the exterior of the follicle”

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125
Q

antrum

A

fluid-filled cavity formed as clear liquid gathers and coalesces between the granulosa cells

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126
Q

vesicular/antral follicle

A

“follicle after the antrum (““cave””) forms”

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127
Q

corona radiata (reproductive system)

A

”"”radiating crown””, coat of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte”

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128
Q

mature ovarian follicle

A

one follicle reaches its full size of 2cm and is ready to be avulated

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129
Q

ovulation

A

“occurs about halfway trhough each ovarian cycle, one oocyte exits from one of teh woman’s two ovaries into the peritoneal cavity and is swept into a uterine tube”

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130
Q

corpus luteum

A

”"”yellow body””, the part of the follicle that stays in the overy after ovulation collapses and its wall is thrown into wavy folds, consists of the remaining granulosa and theca layers”

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131
Q

luteal phase

A

corpus luteum persists through the _ of each ovarian cycle

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132
Q

corpus albicans

A

”"”white body””, if there is no implantation, the corpus luteum dies after 2 weeks and becomes a scar”

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133
Q

uterine cycle

A

menstrual cycle as it involves the endometrium

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134
Q

mammary glands

A

modified sweat glands that are present in both sexes but function only in lactating females when they rpoduce milk to nourish an infant in response to hormonal stimulation

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135
Q

nipple

A

central protruding area from which an infant sucks milk

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136
Q

areola

A

”"”a small open area””, ring of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple”

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137
Q

suspensory ligaments of the breasts

A

run from the underlying skeletal muscles to the overlying dermis and provide support for the breasts

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138
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

(lactiferous=milk carrying), lie within and deep to the nipple

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139
Q

lactiferous sinus

A

just deep to the areola, each lactiferous duct has a dilated region where milk accumulates during nursing

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140
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

the release of digestive enzymes from their acrosomes

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141
Q

cortical reaction

A

granules in the oocyte secrete enzymes into the extracellular space beneath the zona pellucida, these enzymes alter the zona pellucida and destroy the sperm receptors preventing any other sperm from binding to and entering the egg

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142
Q

fertilization

A

occurs at the moment the chromosomes from the male and female gametes come together within the ovum

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143
Q

implantation

A

the act of burrowing into the endometrium

144
Q

trophoblast

A

”"”nourishment generator””, a layer that will soon provide the embryo with nourishment from the mother’s uterus”

145
Q

cytotrophoblast

A

”"”cellular part of the trophoblast””, the inner layer where cell proliferation occurs”

146
Q

syncytiotrophoblast

A

”"”the part of the thophoblast with fused cells””, the outer layer were cells lose their plasma membranes and fuse into a multinuclear mass of cytoplasm”

147
Q

lacunae

A

cleftlike spaces then open within the syncytiotrophoblast and quickly fill with materal blood that leaks from degraded endometrial blood vessels

148
Q

extraembryonic mesoderm

A

the proliferating trophoblast gives rise to a layer of _ on its internal surface

149
Q

chorion

A

”"”membrane””, the extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblast layres together, folds into fingerlike choriconic villi”

150
Q

chorionic villi

A

contact the lacunae containing materal blood

151
Q

body stalk

A

“embryo’s body connects to the chorion outside of it through a _ made of extraembryonic mesoderm, forms the core of the future umbilical cord”

152
Q

decidua basalis

A

“part of the mother’s endometrium adjacent to the complex chorionic villi and umbilical cold”

153
Q

decidua capsularis

A

endometrium opposite the decidua basalis, on the uterine-luminal side of the implanted embryo

154
Q

placenta

A

”"”cake””, decidua basalis and chorionic villi together make up a thick disk at the end of the umbilical cord which continues to nourish the feturs 6 more months until birth”

155
Q

labor

A

the events that expel the infant from the uterus

156
Q

dilation (first stage)

A

“begins with the first regular contractions of the uterus and ends when the cervix is fully dilated (about 10 cm diameter) by the baby’s head, longest part of labor, lasting 6-12+ hours”

157
Q

expulsion (second stage)

A

lasts from full dilation to delivery, or actual childbirth

158
Q

placental (third) stage

A

dilevery of the placenta is accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of the infant

159
Q

testicular cancers

A

arise most commonly from the rapidly dividing early-stage spermatogenic cells

160
Q

prostate cancer

A

slow-growing cancer that arises from the main glands in that organ

161
Q

ovarian cancer

A

typically arises from cells in the germinal epithelium covering the ovary, fifth most common cause of cancer death in women

162
Q

endometrial cancer

A

arises from the endometrium of the uterus (usually from the uterine glands) and is the fourth most common cancer of women (after lung, breast, and colorectal cancer)

163
Q

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

A

most effective way to detect cervical cancer in its earliest (precancerous) stage

164
Q

breast cancer

A

second most common cause of cancer deaths in women, typically arises from the smallest ducts in the lobules of the breast

165
Q

mammogram

A

X-ray image of the breast

166
Q

radical mastectomy

A

removal of the entire affect breast plus all underlying muscles, fascia, and associated lymph nodes

167
Q

lumpectomy

A

removal of the cancerous mass plus a small rim of surrounding tissue

168
Q

gonadal ridges

A

masses of intermediate mesoderm which form buldges onthe dornal abdominal wall in the lumbar region, just medial to the mesonephros (an embryonic kidney), during week 5

169
Q

mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts

A

future male ducts, develop medial to the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts, the future female ducts

170
Q

sexually indifferent stage

A

gonadal ridge and ducts are structurally identical in both sexes

171
Q

genital tubercle

A

small projection on the external perineal surface during the sexually indifferent stage

172
Q

urethral groove

A

serves as the external opening of the urogenital sinus, runs between the genital tubercle and the anus, flanked laterally by the urethral folds (genital folds) and the labioscrotal swellings

173
Q

vaginal process

A

fingerlike outpocketing of the peritoneal cavity, month 3 pushes through the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall to form the inguinal canal

174
Q

congenital inguinal hernias

A

most common hernias, when the vaginal process does not close at all and this open path to the scrotum constitutes the route for an inguinal hernia into the vaginal process

175
Q

gubernaculum

A

”"”governor””, fibrous cord which extends caudally from the testis to the floor of the scrotal sac and is known to shorten”

176
Q

puberty

A

period of life, generally between ages 10 and 15, when the reproductive organs grow tot heir adult size and reproduction becomes possible

177
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

features induced in the nonreproductive organs by sex hormones

178
Q

menopause

A

when few follicles remain in the ovaries and ovulation and mensruation cease

179
Q

or gonads, are the testes in males and the ovaries in females

A

primary sex organs

180
Q

sex cells produced by the gonads, sperm in males and ovum (egg) in females, that fuse to form a fertilized egg

A

gametes

181
Q

all other genitalia in both sexes, including the internal glands and ducts that nourish the gametes and transport them toward the outside of the body, and the external genitalia

A

accessory sex organs

182
Q

”"”witnesses””, or testicles, paired, oval, located in the scrotum”

A

testes

183
Q

”"”pouch””, sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs inferiorly external to the abdominpelvic cavity at the root of the penis”

A

scrotum

184
Q

”"”skinned””, a layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia responsible for wrinkling the scrotal skin (under cold conditions)”

A

dartos muscle

185
Q

””” suspender””, bands of skeletal muscle that extend inferiorly from the internal oblique muscles of the trunk responsible for elevating the testes. under hot conditions, these muscles relax, so the scrotal skin is flaccid and loose, and the testes hang low to increase the skin surface available for cooling (sweating); this also moves the testis farther away from the warm trunk”

A

cremaster muscles

186
Q

serous sac that partially encloses each testis within the scrotum

A

tunica vaginalis

187
Q

”"”white coat””, just deep to the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis lies the fibrous capsule of the testis<br></br>the one in females is much thinner than the one in males”

A

tunica albuginea

188
Q

”"”sperm-carrying””, one to four in each of 250-300 lobules, coiled, the actual ““sperm factories”””

A

seminiferous tubules

189
Q

posteriorly, the seminiferous tubules of each lobule converge to forme a _ that conveys sperm into the rete testis

A

straight tubule

190
Q

”"”network of the testis””, a complex network of tiny branching tubes, lies inthe mediastinum testis, a region of dense connective tissue in the postrior part of the testis”

A

rete testis

191
Q

”"”tendril-shaped””, venous network in the scrotum, the veins of this network absorb heat from the arterial blood cooling it before it enters the testes and thereby keeping the testes cool”

A

pampiniform plexus

192
Q

in the process of forming sperm which begins at puberty

A

spermatogenic cells

193
Q

smooth-muscle-like, several layers surround seminiferous tubules, contract rhythmically

A

myoid cells

194
Q

loose connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules contains clusters of _, spherical or polygon-shaped cells that make and secrete the male sext hormones, or androgens

A

interstitial cells

195
Q

hormone from the anterior part of the pituitary that stimulates testoterone secretion and controls its effects on the entire male reproductive system

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

196
Q

”"”beside the testis””, where sperm mature, comma-shaped organ that arches over the posterior and lateral side of the testis”

A

epididymis

197
Q

highly coiled duct that completes the head and forms all of the body and tail of this organ

A

duct of the epididymis

198
Q

luminal surface of this epithilium bears tufts of long microvilli, which are not cilia and do not move

A

stereocilia

199
Q

”"”carrying away””, or vas deferens, stores and transports sperm during ejaculation”

A

ductus deferens

200
Q

”"”flask””, distal end of the ductus deferens expands as the _ and then joins with the duct of the seminal gland to form the short ejaculatory duct”

A

ampulla of the ductus deferens

201
Q

runs within the prostate, where it empties into the prostatic urethra

A

ejaculatory duct

202
Q

a tube of fascia that also contains the testicular vessels and nerves

A

spermatic cord

203
Q

an obliquely oriented trough in the anterior abdominal wall

A

inguinal canal

204
Q

medial opening of the inguinal canal, V-shaped opening in this aponeurosis

A

superficial inguinal ring

205
Q

an opening in the fascia deep to the abdominal muscle, the transversus abdominis, where the ductus deferens and testicular vessels enter the pelvic cavity

A

deep inguinal ring

206
Q

sperm plus the secretions of the accessory glands and accessory ducts

A

semen

207
Q

lie on the posterior surface of the bladder, secretion constitutes about 60% of the volume of semen

A

seminal glands/seminal vesicles

208
Q

encircles the first part of the urethra just inferior to tho bladder, consists of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands of three classes (main, submucosal, and mucosal glands)

A

prostate

209
Q

the prostate glands are embedded in a mass of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle

A

fibromuscular stroma

210
Q

inflammation of the prostate

A

Prostatitis

211
Q

situated inferior to the prostate, within the urogenital diaphragm, produce a mucus which neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra and lubricates the urethra to smooth the passage of semen

A

bulbo-urethral glands

212
Q

”"”tail””, male organ of sexual intercourse, delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract, with scrotum make up the external reproductive structures of the male”

A

penis

213
Q

penis consists of an attached root and a free body that ends in an enlarged tip called the _

A

glans penis

214
Q

or foreskin, the skin covering the penis is loose and extends distally around the glans to form a cuff

A

prepuce

215
Q

thick tube covered by as heath of dense connective tissue and filled with a network of partitions that consist of smooth muscle and connective tissue

A

erectile bodies

216
Q

”"”spongy body””, midventral erectile body surrounding the spongy urethra, enlarged distally where it forms the glands penis, and proximally where it forms a part of the rot called the bulb of the penis”

A

corpus spongiosum

217
Q

secured to the urogenital diaphragm and is covered externally by the sheetlike bulbospongiosus muscle

A

bulb of the penis

218
Q

”"”cavernous bodies””, paired dorsal erectile bodies make up most of the mass of the penis”

A

corpora cavernosa

219
Q

”"”legs””, proximal ends of the corpora cavernosa in the root, each crus is anchored to the pubic arch of the bony pelvis and is covered by an ischiocavernosus muscle”

A

crura of the penis

220
Q

”"”around the anus””, contains the scrotum, the root of the penis, and the anus; diamond-shaped area between the pubic symphysis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally, floor is formed by the muscles of the urogenital diaphragm and the superficial perineal space”

A

perineum (male)

221
Q

“formation of sperm, occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes throughout a man’s life, from puterty until death”

A

spermatogenesis

222
Q

sperm stem cells

A

stermatogonia

223
Q

remain at the basal lamina to maintain the germ cell line

A

type A (sperm daughter cells)

224
Q

move toward the lumen to become primary spermatocytes

A

type B (sperm daughter cells)

225
Q

the cells undergoing meiosis I within the seminiferous tubules

A

primary spermatocytes

226
Q

two from each primary spermatocytes, each undergoes meiosis II and prodeces two small cells called spermatids

A

secondary spermatocytes

227
Q

spermatids differentiate into sperm, each spermatid undergoes a streamlining process as it fashions a tail and sheds superfluous cytoplasm

A

spermiogenesis

228
Q

has a head, a midpiece, and a tail

A

sperm cell

229
Q

contains the nucleus with highly condensed chromatin surrounded by a helmetlike acrosome

A

head (of the sperm)

230
Q

”"”tip piece””, a vesicle containing enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate and enter an egg”

A

acrosome

231
Q

contains mitochondria spiraled tightly around the core of the tail

A

midpiece (sperm)

232
Q

elaborate flagellum

A

tail (sperm)

233
Q

the primary male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells of the testes

A

testosterone

234
Q

from the anterior pituitary gland, with testosterone controll spermatogenesis

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

235
Q

extends from the basal lamina to the tight junctions and contains the spermatogonia and ealiest primary seprmatocytes

A

basal compartment

236
Q

”"”near the lumen””, lies internal to the tigh tjunctions and includes the more advanced spermatocytes and the lumen of the tubule”

A

adluminal compartment

237
Q

reproductive cycle which averages 28 days in length

A

menstrual cycle

238
Q

paired, almond-shaped, located on the lateral sides of the uterus, lie aginst the bony lateral walls of the true pelvis in the fork of the iliac vessels

A

ovaries

239
Q

mesentery of the ovary is part of the broad ligament

A

mesovarium

240
Q

a large fold of peritoneum that hangs from the uterus and the uterine tubes like a tent

A

broad ligament

241
Q

lateral continuation of the broad ligament, attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall

A

suspensory ligament of the ovary

242
Q

a distinct fibrous band enclosed within the broad ligamen that anchors the ovary to the uterus medially

A

ovarian ligament

243
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium covers the tunica albuginea

A

germinal epithelium

244
Q

houses the developing gametes

A

ovarian cortex

245
Q

”"”egg cells””, developing gametes while in the ovary”

A

oocytes

246
Q

”"”little bags””, all oocytes occure within saclike multicellular structures called _ which enlarge substantially as they mature”

A

follicles (reproductive system)

247
Q

loose connective tissue containing the largest blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels of the ovary; these vessels enter the ovary trhough the hilum, a horizontal slit in the anterior ovarian surface where the mesovarium attaches

A

ovarian medulla

248
Q

aka oviducts aka fallopian tubes, receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site for fertilization

A

uterine tubes

249
Q

”"”funnel””, and open funnel at the lateral region of the uterine tube opens into the peritoneal cavity”

A

infundibulum (reproductive system)

250
Q

”"”fibers, a fringe””, margin of the infundibulum is surrounded by ciliated, fingerlike projections that drape over the ovary”

A

fimbriae

251
Q

”"”flask””, medial to the infundibulum is the expanded _, which forms half the length of the uterine tube and is the site where fertilization usually occurs”

A

ampulla (reproductive system)

252
Q

”"”a narrow passage””, medial third of the uterine tube”

A

isthmus (reproductive system)

253
Q

”"”mesentery of the trumpet””, short mesentery that supports the uterine tube, a part of the broad ligament”

A

mesosalpinx

254
Q

surgical removal of a uterine tube

A

salpingectomy

255
Q

inflammation of a uterine tube

A

salpingitis

256
Q

widespread infection that originates in the vagina and uterus and spreads to the uterine tubes, ovaries, and ultimately the pelvic peritoneum

A

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

257
Q

lies in the pelvic cavity anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder, functions are to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg throughout pregnancy

A

uterus

258
Q

tilted anteriorly, uterus is _ at the superior part of the vagina

A

anteverted

259
Q

inclined posteriorly

A

retroverted

260
Q

rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

A

fundus (uterus)

261
Q

slightly narrowed region inferior to the body

A

isthmus (uterus)

262
Q

narrow neck of the uterus below the isthmus, inferior tip of which projects into the vagina

A

cervix

263
Q

communicates with the vagina inferiorly via the external os (os=mouth) and with the cavity of the body superiorly via the internal os

A

cervical canal

264
Q

”"”mesentery of the uterus””, largest division of the broad ligiment anchors the uterus to the lateral pelvic walls”

A

mesometrium

265
Q

run horizontally from the uterine cervix and superior vagina to the lateral pelvic walls, thickenings of the fascia of the pelvis

A

transverse cervical (cardinal) ligaments

266
Q

each of which starts as a contiuation of the ovarian ligament on the superolateral aspect of the uterus, descends through the mesometrium and inguinal canal, and anchors in one of the labia majora of the external genitalia, binds the uterus to the anterior body wall

A

round ligaments of the uterus

267
Q

unsupported uterus sinks inferiorly until the tip of the cervix protrudes through the external vaginal opening

A

prolapse of the uterus

268
Q

”"”around the uterus””, the outer serous membrane, is the peritoneum”

A

perimetrium

269
Q

”"”muscle of the uterus””, the bulky middle layer, consists of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle that contract during childbirth to expel the baby from the mother’s body”

A

myometrium

270
Q

”"”within the uterus””, the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity. it consists of a simple columnar epithelium containing secretory and ciliated cells underlain by a laminy propria connective tissue. if fertilization occurs, the embryo burrows into the endometrium and resides there for the rest of its development”

A

endometrium

271
Q

thick, inner _ (of the endometrium) undergoes cyclic changes in response to varying levels of ovarian hormones in the blood and is shed during mensruation

A

functional layer

272
Q

the thin _ (of the endometrium) is not shed and is repsonsible for forming a new functional layer after mensruation ends

A

basal layer

273
Q

endometrium contains straight tubular _ that change in length as the endometrium thickens and thins

A

uterine glands

274
Q

arise from the internal iliac arteries in the pelvis, ascend along the sides of the uterine body, send branches into the uterine wall, and divide into arcuate arteries that course through the myometrium

A

uterine arteries

275
Q

reach the endometrium, where they give off straight arteries (basal arteries) to the basal layer and spiral arteries to the functional layer

A

radial arteries

276
Q

undergo degeneration and regeneration during each successive menstrual cycle, and they undergo spasms that cause the functional layer to shed during menstruation

A

spiral arteries

277
Q

”"”sheath””, thin-walled tube that lies inferior to the uterus, anterior to the rectum, and posterior to the urethra and bladder, receives the penis and semen during sexual intercourse and is the passageway for the birth of an infant”

A

vagina

278
Q

“vagina’s external opening”

A

vaginal orifice

279
Q

”"”membrane””, mucosa elaborates to form an incomplete diaphragm”

A

hymen

280
Q

“aka vulva (““covering””) aka pudendum, structures include the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and strucuters associated with the vestibule”

A

external genitalia

281
Q

”"”mountain on the pubis””, fatty, rounded pad overlying the pubic symphysisc, has pubic hair”

A

mons pubis

282
Q

two long, hair-covered, fatty skin folds extending posteriorly from the mons, female counterpart or homologue of the scrotum

A

labia majora

283
Q

”"”smaller lips””, two thin, hairless folds of skin enclosed by the labia majora”

A

labia minora

284
Q

”"”entrance hall””, recess enclosed by the labia minora, houses the external openings of the urethra and vagina”

A

vestibule

285
Q

“aka frenulum of the labia (““little bridle of the lips””), ridge at the extreme posterior point of the vestiblule where the right and left labia minora come together”

A

fourchette

286
Q

”"”hill””, just anterior to the vestible, a protruding structure composed largely of erectile tissue that is sensitive to touch and swells with blood during sexual stimulation, homologous to the penis”

A

clitoris

287
Q

fold of skin formed by the anterior junction of the two labia minora that hoods the clitoris

A

prepuce of the clitoris

288
Q

lie along each side of the vaginal orifice and directly deep to the bulbospongiosus muscle, form the basis of the female sexual response

A

bulbs of the vestibule

289
Q

diamond-shaped region between the pubic arch anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally

A

perineum (female)

290
Q

”"”egg generation””, ova are produced in a process called _, includes the chromosome-reducetion divisions of meiosis”

A

oogenesis

291
Q

“stem cells which give rise to the female’s lifelong supply of oocytes, which are arrested in an early stage of meiosis I around the time of birth”

A

oogonia

292
Q

“remain ““stalled”” in meiosis I for decades until they are ovulated from their follicle”

A

primary oocytes

293
Q

primary oocyte finishes meiosis one under the influence of the LH surge that signals ovulation and enters meiosis II as a _, but then arrests again and does not finish meiosis II until a sperm penetrates its plasma membrane

A

secondary oocyte

294
Q

egg after the completion of meiosis II

A

ovum

295
Q

oogenesis typically produces four daughter cells: the large ovum and three smaller cells called _ which contain primarily DNA (little cytoplasm) and degenerate quickly

A

polar bodies

296
Q

menstrual cycle as it relates to the ovary, has three successive phases: follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase

A

ovarian cycle

297
Q

consists of an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat supportive cells called primordial follicular epithelial cells

A

primordial follicles

298
Q

start of the ovarian cycle, lasts two weeks, 6-12 primordial follicles start to grow initiating the _

A

follicular phase

299
Q

when a primordial follicle starts to grow, its flat follicular cells become cuboidal and the oocyte grows larger, now the follicle is called a _

A

primary follicle

300
Q

follicular cells after they multiply to form a stratified epithelium around the oocyte

A

granulosa cells

301
Q

”"”transparent belt””, glycoprotein coat, a protective shell that a sperm must eltimately penetrate to fertilize the oocyte”

A

zona pellucida

302
Q

”"”box around the follicle””, a layer of connective tisue condenses around the exterior of the follicle”

A

follicular theca

303
Q

fluid-filled cavity formed as clear liquid gathers and coalesces between the granulosa cells

A

antrum

304
Q

“follicle after the antrum (““cave””) forms”

A

vesicular/antral follicle

305
Q

”"”radiating crown””, coat of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte”

A

corona radiata (reproductive system)

306
Q

one follicle reaches its full size of 2cm and is ready to be avulated

A

mature ovarian follicle

307
Q

“occurs about halfway trhough each ovarian cycle, one oocyte exits from one of teh woman’s two ovaries into the peritoneal cavity and is swept into a uterine tube”

A

ovulation

308
Q

”"”yellow body””, the part of the follicle that stays in the overy after ovulation collapses and its wall is thrown into wavy folds, consists of the remaining granulosa and theca layers”

A

corpus luteum

309
Q

corpus luteum persists through the _ of each ovarian cycle

A

luteal phase

310
Q

”"”white body””, if there is no implantation, the corpus luteum dies after 2 weeks and becomes a scar”

A

corpus albicans

311
Q

menstrual cycle as it involves the endometrium

A

uterine cycle

312
Q

modified sweat glands that are present in both sexes but function only in lactating females when they rpoduce milk to nourish an infant in response to hormonal stimulation

A

mammary glands

313
Q

central protruding area from which an infant sucks milk

A

nipple

314
Q

”"”a small open area””, ring of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple”

A

areola

315
Q

run from the underlying skeletal muscles to the overlying dermis and provide support for the breasts

A

suspensory ligaments of the breasts

316
Q

(lactiferous=milk carrying), lie within and deep to the nipple

A

lactiferous ducts

317
Q

just deep to the areola, each lactiferous duct has a dilated region where milk accumulates during nursing

A

lactiferous sinus

318
Q

the release of digestive enzymes from their acrosomes

A

acrosomal reaction

319
Q

granules in the oocyte secrete enzymes into the extracellular space beneath the zona pellucida, these enzymes alter the zona pellucida and destroy the sperm receptors preventing any other sperm from binding to and entering the egg

A

cortical reaction

320
Q

occurs at the moment the chromosomes from the male and female gametes come together within the ovum

A

fertilization

321
Q

the act of burrowing into the endometrium

A

implantation

322
Q

”"”nourishment generator””, a layer that will soon provide the embryo with nourishment from the mother’s uterus”

A

trophoblast

323
Q

”"”cellular part of the trophoblast””, the inner layer where cell proliferation occurs”

A

cytotrophoblast

324
Q

”"”the part of the thophoblast with fused cells””, the outer layer were cells lose their plasma membranes and fuse into a multinuclear mass of cytoplasm”

A

syncytiotrophoblast

325
Q

cleftlike spaces then open within the syncytiotrophoblast and quickly fill with materal blood that leaks from degraded endometrial blood vessels

A

lacunae

326
Q

the proliferating trophoblast gives rise to a layer of _ on its internal surface

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

327
Q

”"”membrane””, the extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblast layres together, folds into fingerlike choriconic villi”

A

chorion

328
Q

contact the lacunae containing materal blood

A

chorionic villi

329
Q

“embryo’s body connects to the chorion outside of it through a _ made of extraembryonic mesoderm, forms the core of the future umbilical cord”

A

body stalk

330
Q

“part of the mother’s endometrium adjacent to the complex chorionic villi and umbilical cold”

A

decidua basalis

331
Q

endometrium opposite the decidua basalis, on the uterine-luminal side of the implanted embryo

A

decidua capsularis

332
Q

”"”cake””, decidua basalis and chorionic villi together make up a thick disk at the end of the umbilical cord which continues to nourish the feturs 6 more months until birth”

A

placenta

333
Q

the events that expel the infant from the uterus

A

labor

334
Q

“begins with the first regular contractions of the uterus and ends when the cervix is fully dilated (about 10 cm diameter) by the baby’s head, longest part of labor, lasting 6-12+ hours”

A

dilation (first stage)

335
Q

lasts from full dilation to delivery, or actual childbirth

A

expulsion (second stage)

336
Q

dilevery of the placenta is accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of the infant

A

placental (third) stage

337
Q

arise most commonly from the rapidly dividing early-stage spermatogenic cells

A

testicular cancers

338
Q

slow-growing cancer that arises from the main glands in that organ

A

prostate cancer

339
Q

typically arises from cells in the germinal epithelium covering the ovary, fifth most common cause of cancer death in women

A

ovarian cancer

340
Q

arises from the endometrium of the uterus (usually from the uterine glands) and is the fourth most common cancer of women (after lung, breast, and colorectal cancer)

A

endometrial cancer

341
Q

most effective way to detect cervical cancer in its earliest (precancerous) stage

A

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

342
Q

second most common cause of cancer deaths in women, typically arises from the smallest ducts in the lobules of the breast

A

breast cancer

343
Q

X-ray image of the breast

A

mammogram

344
Q

removal of the entire affect breast plus all underlying muscles, fascia, and associated lymph nodes

A

radical mastectomy

345
Q

removal of the cancerous mass plus a small rim of surrounding tissue

A

lumpectomy

346
Q

masses of intermediate mesoderm which form buldges onthe dornal abdominal wall in the lumbar region, just medial to the mesonephros (an embryonic kidney), during week 5

A

gonadal ridges

347
Q

future male ducts, develop medial to the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts, the future female ducts

A

mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts

348
Q

gonadal ridge and ducts are structurally identical in both sexes

A

sexually indifferent stage

349
Q

small projection on the external perineal surface during the sexually indifferent stage

A

genital tubercle

350
Q

serves as the external opening of the urogenital sinus, runs between the genital tubercle and the anus, flanked laterally by the urethral folds (genital folds) and the labioscrotal swellings

A

urethral groove

351
Q

fingerlike outpocketing of the peritoneal cavity, month 3 pushes through the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall to form the inguinal canal

A

vaginal process

352
Q

most common hernias, when the vaginal process does not close at all and this open path to the scrotum constitutes the route for an inguinal hernia into the vaginal process

A

congenital inguinal hernias

353
Q

”"”governor””, fibrous cord which extends caudally from the testis to the floor of the scrotal sac and is known to shorten”

A

gubernaculum

354
Q

period of life, generally between ages 10 and 15, when the reproductive organs grow tot heir adult size and reproduction becomes possible

A

puberty

355
Q

features induced in the nonreproductive organs by sex hormones

A

secondary sex characteristics

356
Q

when few follicles remain in the ovaries and ovulation and mensruation cease

A

menopause

Anatomy (42 decks)

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