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Anatomy > Weeks 3-8 Development > Flashcards

Weeks 3-8 Development Flashcards

1
Q

when primary germ layers give rise to tissues and organs; at the end of this period, main organ systems established

A

organogenesis

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2
Q

organogenesis is an ___ period that occurs from ____

A

embryonic; week 3-8

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3
Q

neurulation is the process by which the ____ forms the ____

A

neural plate; neural tube

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4
Q

neurulation occurs in the ____ via _____

A

ectoderm; notochordal induction

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5
Q

neurulation completed by the end of ____

A

4th week

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6
Q

four main events of neurulation

A
  1. formation of neural plate
  2. shaping of neural plate
  3. invagination of neural plate
  4. closure of neural groove
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7
Q

during neurulation, notochord induces thickening in overlying ____ along midline of ____ forming _____ (these cells make up neuroectoderm)

A

ectoderm; embryo; neural plate

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8
Q

laterally elevated edges

A

neural folds

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9
Q

depressed midregion of neural plate

A

neural groove

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10
Q

neural folds begin to move together and eventually fuse. this fusion begins in ____ and progresses both ___ and ____; this results in the formation of the _____

A

cervical region (5th somite); cranially; caudally; neural tube

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11
Q

____ fuse at midline (progressing cranially and caudally), forming the ____, which separates from the _____

A

neural folds; neural tube; ectoderm

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12
Q

neural groove will become the _____

A

neural canal

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13
Q

until fusion is completed the cranial and caudal ____ allow the ____ to communicate with the _____

A

neuropores; neural tube; amniotic cavity

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14
Q

closure of these neuropores indicates _____

A

the end of neurulation

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15
Q

As neural folds fuse, cells at lateral border (crest) of neuroectoderm dissociate, called _____

A

neural crest cells

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16
Q

neural crest cells undergo _____ transition and enter the underlying _____

A

epithelial to mesenchymal; mesoderm

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17
Q

mesoderm near midline proliferate to form thickened _____

A

paraxial mesoderm

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18
Q

more laterally, the mesoderm stays thin, known as _____

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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19
Q

in between paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm is the ______

A

intermediate mesoderm

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20
Q

intracellular cavities split lateral plate mesoderm into:

A
  • somatic or parietal layer (lines the amnion)

- splanchnic or visceral layer (lines yolk sac)

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21
Q

the cavity between the somatic/parietal layer and splanchnic/visceral layer is the _____; it is continuous with the _____ on each side of the embryo

A

intraembryonic cavity; extraembryonic cavity

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22
Q

____ is the organization of the paraxial mesoderm which occurs at the beginning of week 3

A

somite

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23
Q

at the beginning of week 3, the paraxial mesoderm starts to organize into segments which form ____ to ____ beginning in ____ region; organized pairs called ____

A

cranially; caudally; occipital; somites

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24
Q

the paraxial mesoderm will give rise to most of the _____, _____and ____

A

axial skeleton; skeletal muscles; dermis of the back

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25
Q

somites (in pairs)

A
  • 4 occipital (will disappear)
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 sacral
  • 5 lumbar
  • 8-10 coccygeal (last 5-7 disappear)
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26
Q

the ____ of the embryo can be determined by counting somites

A

age

27
Q

during somite differentiation, ____ cells undergo ____ and arrange in donut shape around _____

A

mesoderm; epithelization; small lumen

28
Q

during somite differentiation, cells in ventral and medial walls shift position to surround _____, forming the _____

A

neural tube; sclerotome

29
Q

during somite differentiation, cells between dorsomedial cells and ventrolateral cells form the _____

A

dermatome

30
Q

during somite differentiation, cells at dorsomedial and ventrolateral edges of upper region of somite form precursors for _____

A

muscle cells

31
Q

cells will become ____ and migrate beneath _____ and form the _____

A

mesenchymal; dermatome; myotome

32
Q

somite derivatives

A
  • sclerotome: vertebrae and ribs
  • dermatome: dermis
  • myotome: muscles
33
Q

the outer lining of cells will become the ____

A

epidermis

34
Q

intermediate mesoderm derivatives:

A

differentiates into urogenital structures of urinary system and reproductive system

35
Q

lateral plate mesoderm derivatives: the _____ along with overlying ectoderm form lateral body wall folds that will help close _____

A

parietal mesoderm layer; ventral body wall

36
Q

mesoderm cells of _____ surrounding the intraembryonic cavity form ______, i.e. _____ that line ______ and secrete ____

A

parietal layer; mesothelial membranes; serous membranes; peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities; serous fluid

37
Q

_____ together with overlying endoderm form walls of the _____

A

visceral mesoderm layer; gut tube

38
Q

mesoderm cells of visceral layer form thin _____ around each organ

A

serous membrane

39
Q

blood vessels arise from blood islands

A

vasculogenesis

40
Q

blood vessels sprouting from existing vessels

A

angiogenesis

41
Q

blood cells and blood vessels rise from ____, vasculogenesis is what is occurring in embryo

A

mesoderm

42
Q

blood islands begin to form in mesoderm surrounding wall of ____ during ____, then later in the _____ and other regions

A

yolk sac; week 3; lateral plate mesoderm

43
Q

endoderm derivatives will form the _____; lines the ____ of the embryo and forms the _____

A

gastrointestinal tract; ventral surface; roof of yolk sac

44
Q

body folding simultaneously occurs in both the ____ as well as the _____ and takes the embryo from a ____ to a _____

A

sagittal plane (i.e. cranial/caudal folds); horizontal plane (i.e. lateral folds); flat disc; cylinder

45
Q

in cranial folding, the _____ acts as a hinge and swings vertically

A

oropharyngeal membrane

46
Q

in cranial folding, part of yolk sac endoderm is incorporated into embryo as the ____ (proximal portion of GI tract)

A

foregut

47
Q

in cranial folding, the oropharyngeal membrane separates the ____ from the _____ (will rupture about day 26)

A

foregut; oral cavity

48
Q

in caudal folding, the ____ swings ventrally

A

cloacal membrane

49
Q

in caudal folding, portion of yolk sac endoderm is incorporated as the embryonic ____ (distal portion of GI tract)

A

hindgut

50
Q

in caudal folding, the _____ (future umbilical cord) is now attached to ____ aspect of embryo

A

connecting stalk; ventral

51
Q

in lateral folding, the ____ part of the yolk sac endoderm is incorporated as embryonic _____

A

dorsal; midgut

52
Q

at the end of the 4th week, lateral folds fuse, except at region of ______

A

connecting stalk

53
Q

In lateral folding, the ____ connection to the yolk sac constricts, leaving a narrower connection: ______

A

midgut; the omphaloenteric duct (vitelline duct)

54
Q

parietal and visceral layer of serous membranes continuous at _____

A

dorsal mesentery

55
Q

the dorsal mesentery suspends ____ from posterior body wall into _____

A

gut tube; peritoneal cavity

56
Q

the ventral mesentery is only the ____ to the upper part of the _____; it results from the thinning of _____

A

caudal foregut; duodenum; septum transversum

57
Q

mesenteries double layers of peritoneum which provides pathway for ___, ____ and ____

A

blood vessels; nerves; lymphatics

58
Q

the embryonic body cavity is comprised of:

A
  • pericardial cavity
  • 2 pericardioperitoneal canals
  • peritoneal cavity
59
Q

what is the septum transversum?

A

mesoderm between the thoracic cavity and yolk sac

60
Q

the septum transversum does not separate ____ and ____ cavities completely because of two _____ canals

A

thoracic; abdominal; pericardioperitoneal

61
Q

as lung buds grow, they expand into ______

A

pericardioperitoneal canals

62
Q

______ grow in medially from the lateral walls of the pericardial cavity, dividing it into the definitive ____ and ____ cavities

A

pleuropericardial folds; pericardial (1) and pleural cavities (2)

63
Q

_____ develop from the dorsal body wall and fuse with the septum transversum, closing off the pericardioperitoneal canals on either side of the foregut during formation of the ____

A

pleuroperitoneal folds; diaphragm

64
Q

diaphragm components:

A
  1. septum transversum
  2. pleuroperitoneal membranes
  3. mesentery of the esophagus
  4. body wall mesoderm

Anatomy (34 decks)

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