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Anatomy > Epithelial Tissues and Glands > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissues and Glands Flashcards

1
Q

four basic/primary types of tissues

A

epithelial (epithelium), connective, muscular, nervous

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2
Q

two main categories of epithelial tissue

A
  1. covering or lining epithelium

2. glandular epithelium

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3
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Secretion 2. Absorption 3. Filtration 4. Excretion 5. Transport 6. Protection
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4
Q

special category of epithelium

A

transitional epithelium (urothelium)

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5
Q

naming epithelial tissue

A

surface specialization + number of cell layers + cell morphology + tissue

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6
Q

two types of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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7
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue:

A
  1. cellularity
  2. specialized contacts
  3. polarity
  4. supported by connective tissue- lamina propria
  5. avascular, but innervated
  6. regeneration
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8
Q

polarity of epithelial tissue

A
  • free or apical surface/pole/domain
  • lateral surface/domain
  • basal surface/pole/domain
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9
Q

for defining the subclasses of epithelium, look at the _____

A

morphology

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10
Q

number of cell layers:

A
  1. simple
  2. stratified
  3. pseudostratified
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11
Q

cell height/shape variation

A
  1. squamous
  2. cuboidal
  3. columnar
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12
Q

sometimes another name can be added based on specializations at the ____ surface of the cell (ex _____) or at the _____ surface of the tissue (ex ______)

A

apical; ciliated; apical; keratinized

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13
Q

steps to naming epithelial tissue

A
  1. the number of cell layers (simple, stratified, pseudostratified)
  2. the cell morphology at the surface (squamous, cubiodal, columnar)
  3. additional details (ciliated or nonciliated; keratinized or nonkeratinized)
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14
Q

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia

A

simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium

A

allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae

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16
Q

location of simple squamous epithelium

A 
kidney glomeruli (Bowman's capsule); air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae); inner surface of tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Forms epithelial layer of serous membranes, such as the peritoneum
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17
Q

simple squamous epithelium is present in the ______ of the peritoneum

A

mesothelial lining

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18
Q

simple squamous epithelium of the endothelium is present in:

A

arterioles and venules in the dermis

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19
Q

single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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20
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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21
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, such as in thyroid gland and pancreas; ovary surface; anterior surface of capsule of lens of eye, posterior surface of eye

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22
Q

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

A

simple columnar epithelium

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23
Q

function of simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

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24
Q

location of simple columnar epithelium

A

nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

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25
Q

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of nonciliated column-like cells with nuclei near base of cells; contains goblet cells and cells with microvilli in some locations

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26
Q

location of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

lines the gastrointestinal tract (from stomach to anus), ducts of many glands, and gallbladder

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27
Q

function of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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28
Q

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of ciliated column-like cells with nuclei near base; contains goblet cells in some locations

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29
Q

location of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

lines a few portions of the upper respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles of the brain

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30
Q

function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

moves mucus and other substances by ciliary action

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31
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidally or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (or squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers

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32
Q

function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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33
Q

location of stratified squamous epithelium

A

nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina, part of epiglottis and pharynx, and covers the tongue; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

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34
Q

two types of stratified squamous epithelium

A

keratinized and nonkeratinized

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35
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

two or more layers of cells in which the cells in the apical layer are cube-shaped

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36
Q

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of male urethra

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37
Q

function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

protection and limited secretion and absorption

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38
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

several layers of irregularly shaped cells; only the apical layer has columnar cells

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39
Q

location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

lines part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands, such as esophageal glands, small areas in anal mucous membrane, and part of the conjunctiva of the eye

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40
Q

function of stratified columnar epithelium

A

protection and secretion

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41
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface (all cells are attached to the basement membrane); nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia

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42
Q

function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

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43
Q

location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

nonciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts (epididymis and urethra) and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract

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44
Q

transitional epithelium

A

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch

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45
Q

function of transitional epithelium

A

stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

46
Q

epithelial cells exhibit distinct polarity:

A
  • apical domain
  • lateral domain
  • basal domain
47
Q

Apical domain specializations: microvilli are ….

A

cytoplasmic extensions / processes with core of actin filaments

48
Q

average height and width of microvilli

A

1 micrometer and 0.08 micrometer

49
Q

microvilli create a _____ in the intestinal epithelium or a _____ in kidney tubule cells

A

striated border; brush border

50
Q

function of microvilli

A

increase surface area

51
Q

stereocilia are…

A

considered long microvilli

52
Q

function of stereocilia

A

increase surface area

53
Q

produce movement, rapid back and forth

A

cilia

54
Q

length and diameter of cilia

A

5-10 micrometers, 0.2 micrometers

55
Q

cilia contain an _____

A

axoneme (microtubules in 9+2 arrangement)

56
Q

the microtubules of cilia insert into the ____

A

basal bodies

57
Q

lateral domain specifications: in light microscopy, we see _____ at the apicolateral margin of the cells; with EM, the ____ has been shown to be a _____

A

terminal bars; terminal bar; junctional complex

58
Q

components of the junctional complex:

A
  1. zonula occludens or tight junctions
  2. zonula adherens
  3. macula adherens or desmosomes
59
Q

zonula occludens (aka tight junction)

A
  • type of occluding junction
  • found closest to apical surface
  • transmembrane proteins (occludins and claudins) fuse outer surfaces of adjacent membranes together sealing off the intercellular space
  • forms a continuous band around cell which is impermeable, thus it limits the movement of substances between luminal space and tissue compartments via the intercellular space
  • diffusion barrier between cells
  • prevents integral membrane proteins movement between domains
  • provide only limited resistance to mechanical stresses
60
Q

the zonula occludens gives the ____ characteristic to epithelial tissue; for items to get across now they must be _____ via the specialized membrane proteins of epithelial cells

A

“barrier;” actively transported

61
Q

zonula adherens

A
  • a type of anchoring junction
  • provides mechanical stability by linking the cytoskeleton of one cell to the cytoskeleton of the next; great for resisting separation
  • forms continuous band around cell
62
Q

process of connecting one cell to the next

A

microfilaments (actin) of the first cell attach to a plaque on the inside of its plasma membrane; this plaque is attached to transmembrane protein (cadherin) which crosses the plasma membrane of the first cell and attaches to the cadherin of an adjacent cell; this second cell’s cadherin crosses its plasma membrane where it attaches to a plaque just on the inside of the plasma membrane; this plaque is attached to the microfilaments (actin) of the second cell; thus connecting cytoskeleton of one cell to the next.

63
Q

macula adherens (aka desmosome)

A
  • a type of anchoring junction
  • provides mechanical stability by linking cytoskeleton of one cell to the next; great for resisting separation
  • forms spot welds; not continuous around cell; localized
64
Q

process of macula adherens connecting one cytoskeleton to the next

A

intermediate filaments of the first cell attach to a plaque on the inside of its plasma membrane; this plaque is attached to transmembrane protein (cadherin) which crosses the plasma membrane of the first cell and attaches to the cadherin of an adjacent cell; this second cell’s cadherin crosses its plasma membrane where it attaches to a plaque just on the inside of the plasma membrane; this plaque is attached to the intermediate filaments of the second cell; thus connecting cytoskeleton of one cell to the next.

65
Q

gap junctions

A
  • communicating junctions
  • transmembrane proteins are in the form of a protein tunnel called a connexon
  • allows communication between cells; this is important in tissues where the activity of the cells needs to be coordinated
66
Q

how gap junctions allow communication

A

-the connexon of one cell lines up with the connexon of of the next cell allowing the cells to exchange ions and small molecules; these items can diffuse from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of the next

67
Q

the basement membrane is associated with ____ microscopy

A

light

68
Q

the basal lamina is associated with _____

A

electron microscopy

69
Q

2 components of basal lamina

A
  1. lamina lucida

2. lamina densa

70
Q

type of occluding junction found closest to the apical surface

A

zonula occludens

71
Q

type of junction in which transmembrane proteins (occludins and claudins) fuse outer surfaces of adjacent membranes together sealing off the intracellular space

A

zonula occludens

72
Q

type of anchoring junction that provides mechanical stability by linking cytoskeleton of one cell to cytoskeleton of the next ; involves microfilaments (actin)

A

zonula adherens

73
Q

type of anchoring junction that provides mechanical stability by linking the cytoskeleton of one cell to the cytoskeleton of the next ; involves intermediate filaments

A

macula adherens (desmosome)

74
Q

type of communicating junction ; transmembrane proteins in the form of a protein tunnel called a connexon

A

gap junctions

75
Q

type of anchoring junction that links the cell to the basal lamina ; specifically, it anchors microfilaments (actin) of the cytoskeleton of a cell to the basal lamina

A

focal adhesion

76
Q

in focal adhesions, actin filaments are attached to extracellular matrix _____ (ex. laminin and fibronectin) in the basal lamina via _____ (the transmembrane protein used here)

A

glycoproteins; integrins

77
Q

focal adhesions have functional role in _____ and transmitting signals from the extracellular environment to the interior of the cell (mechanosensitivity)

A

signal detection

78
Q

a type of anchoring junction that links the cell to the basal lamina ; specifically anchoring intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton to the basal lamina

A

hemidesmosome

79
Q

in hemidesmosomes, intermediate filaments are attached to _____ and _____ in the basal lamina via integrins (the transmembrane protein used here)

A

laminin; type IV collagen

80
Q

hemidesmosomes are found in epithelia subject to ____ and _____; useful for keeping the epithelium from separating from the underlying connective tissue

A

abrasion; mechanical shearing forces

81
Q

two main categories of epithelial tissue

A
  1. covering or lining epithelium

2. glandular epithelium

82
Q

proliferation of epithelial cells and their downgrowth into the subjacent connective tissue leads to _____

A

glandular epithelium

83
Q

glands can be classified by their connection to ____ (where they secrete their secretion)

A

surface

84
Q

2 types of glands

A

endocrine and exocrine

85
Q

endocrine glands are ____ glands that secrete into _____

A

ductless; interstitial fluid

86
Q

exocrine glands secrete their products onto a surface either ____ or via an _____

A

directly; epithelial duct

87
Q

endocrine glands secrete ____ which can be classified as:

A

hormones:

  1. circulatory hormones
  2. paracrine hormones
  3. autocrine hormones
88
Q

exocrine glands include ____, ___, and ____ ducts of the skin; digestive glands such as ____ glands, which secrete into mouth cavity, and _____, which secretes into the small intestine

A

sweat; oil; earwax; salivary; pancreas

89
Q

exocrine glands can be classified based on:

A
  1. cellularity
  2. structure/morphology
  3. type of secretion
  4. mode/mechanism of secretion
90
Q

exocrine glands can be classified based on the number of ____ that compose the gland (i.e. cellularity)

A

cells

91
Q

cellularity of exocrine glands

A

unicellular and multicellular

92
Q

type of unicellular exocrine gland in the intestinal epithelium that produce and secrete mucin, also found in the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract

A

goblet cells

93
Q

classification of the structure of the duct of an exocrine gland

A
  1. simple- unbranched

2. compound- two or more branches

94
Q

classification of the structure of the secretory units of an exocrine gland

A
  1. tubular- tube shaped; either short or long or coiled
  2. alveolar or acinar - round or globular
  3. tubuloalveolar and tubuloacinar - combination
95
Q

exocrine glands can also be classified based on the type of secretion:

A
  1. mucous glands
  2. serous glands
  3. mixed glands
96
Q

polarized, protein-secreting cells that typically produce digestive enzymes and other proteins

A

serous cells

97
Q

produce hydrophilic glycoprotein mucins; cuboidal or columnar in shape

A

mucous cells

98
Q

two major types of secretory cells associated with glands

A

serous cells and mucous cells

99
Q

cells found in the basal lamina of secretory units and the initial part of duct system

A

myoepithelial cells

100
Q

the basic unit of a salivary gland (i.e. salivon) is composed of the ____ and all related ducts

A

acinus

101
Q

a blind sac composed of secretory cells and is the secretory portion

A

acinus

102
Q

3 secretory acini are found in salivary glands:

A
  1. serous acini
  2. mucous acini
  3. mixed acini
103
Q

serous acini

A

serous cells only; generally spherically shaped

104
Q

mucous acini

A

mucous cells only; generally tubular shaped

105
Q

mixed acini

A

contain both serous and mucous cells

106
Q

in traditional fixation methods, it appears the mucous acini have a cap of ____ cells; these caps are called _____, found in the ____ and _____ glands

A

serous; serous demilunes; sublingual; submandibular

107
Q

exocrine glands can be classified based on the mode of secretion:

A
  1. merocrine glands
  2. holocrine glands
  3. apocrine glands
108
Q

serous cells are ____ in shape; ___ on basal lamina and _____ apical surface facing lumen

A

pyramidal; broad base; narrow

109
Q

serous cells contain secretory granules called _____- spherical in shape, found in apical cytoplasm

A

zymogen granules

110
Q

serous cells have ____ cytoplasm due to RER and free ribosomes

A

basophilic

111
Q

in serous cells, nuclei are _____

A

rounded

Anatomy (34 decks)

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