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Anatomy > Intro to Histo > Flashcards

Intro to Histo Flashcards

1
Q

two divisions of anatomy

A

macroscopic or gross anatomy; microscopic anatomy

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2
Q

___, ____, and ____ make up microscopic anatomy

A

cytology, histology, and organology

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3
Q

____ always reflects ____ or ____ always reflects _____

A

function; structure; physiology; anatomy

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4
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelial tissue (epithelium), muscle tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue

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5
Q

the study of the microscopic anatomy (microanatomy) of cells and tissues of plants and animals

A

histology

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6
Q

levels of structural organization

A

chemical level (atoms, molecules, organelles); cellular level; tissue level; organ level; organ system level; organismal level

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7
Q

3 major techniques in histology

A

light microscopy, electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy

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8
Q

Specimens examined via transillumination (i.e., passing light through the specimen to facilitate observation)

A

light microscopy

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9
Q

electron microscopy provides ____ and ____

A

greater resolution; higher magnification

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10
Q

2 types of electron microscopy

A

transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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11
Q

uses a beam of electrons that passes through the specimen

A

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

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12
Q

beam of electrons scans the surface of the specimen

A

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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13
Q

molecular and atomic resolution; DNA can be looked at with this mechanism; atom passes over surface and is deflected; does not require specimen to be in a vacuum

A

atomic force microscopy

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14
Q

Defined as how far two objects must be separated from one another so that they can be distinguished as two distinct objects

A

resolving power or resolution

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15
Q

resolution is dependent on:

A
  1. optical system
  2. wavelength of light source
  3. specimen thickness
  4. quality of fixation
  5. staining intensity
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16
Q

steps necessary for light microscopy

A
  1. acquisition of cells or tissues
  2. fixation
  3. processing
  4. embedding
  5. sectioning
  6. staining
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17
Q

procession involves ____, ____ and _____

A

dehydration, clearing, and infiltration

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18
Q

dehydration uses a ____ series of alcohol

A

graded

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19
Q

clearing uses a ____ substance

A

miscible

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20
Q

infiltration uses a _____

A

liquid embedding medium

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21
Q

problems with the typical histological technique used to prepare tissues to be observed with a light microscopic examination (i.e. with paraffin):

A
  1. time
  2. solvent dissolves lipids
  3. shrinkage of tissues
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22
Q

to combat time issue, ____ is used

A

cryostat

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23
Q

to combat solvent issue ____ is used in which first fixation is done with ____ and a second fixation is done with _____

A

double fixation; glutaraldehyde; osmium tetroxide

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24
Q

to combat shrinkage issue, embedding in ____ is used

A

resin

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25
Q

carry a net negative charge; bind with cationic cell/tissue components (i.e. those that carry a net positive charge)

A

acidic dyes

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26
Q

examples of acidic dyes

A

eosin, orange G, and acid fuchsin

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27
Q

acidic dyes stain ____ (or ____) tissues, those tissues with a high affinity for acid dyes; these tissues exhibit acidophilia)

A

acidophilic; eosinophilic

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28
Q

things that acidic dyes stain

A

mitochondria, secretory granules, collagen fibers (as well as other extracellular fibers), general cytoplasm, basement membrane

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29
Q

staining with acidic dyes is less _____; more substances within cells and the extracellular matrix exhibit ____ than _____

A

specific; acidophilia; basophilia

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30
Q

basic dyes carry a net ____ charge and bind with ____ cell/tissue components

A

positive; anionic (those that carry a net negative charge)

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31
Q

examples of basic dyes

A

toluidine blue, alcian, and methylene blue; hematoxylin, although not a basic dye, acts like one

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32
Q

basic dyes stain ____ tissue, i.e. those with a high affinity for basic dyes

A

basophilic (tissues exhibit basophilia)

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33
Q

basic dyes bind to :

A

-negative phosphate group on DNA and RNA (cell nucleus, nucleoli, RNA-rich portions of the cytoplasm); the carboxyl groups of proteins; sulfate groups of cartilage cartilage matrix (GAGs)

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34
Q

stains basophilic tissue, has a blue hue, has affinity to nuclei

A

hematoxylin (+)

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35
Q

stains acidophilic tissue, has a pink hue, has affinity to cytoplasm

A

eosin (-)

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36
Q

varieties of microscopes/microscopy

A
  • bright field microscope/microscopy
  • fluorescence microscope/microscopy
  • bright field microscopy
  • phase-contrast microscopy (unstained specimens used)
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37
Q

histochemistry and cytochemistry steps:

A
  1. section immersed in solution of enzyme’s substrate
  2. Enzyme acts on substrate
  3. Section put in contact with a marker compound
  4. Marker compound reacts w/ molecule produced by enzymatic action on substrate
  5. Final product (insoluble and visible by light or electron microscopy) precipitates over site
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38
Q

other histology techniques

A

histochemistry, cytochemistry, immunohistochemistry

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39
Q

the plasma membrane (plasmalemma) is composed of ____, ____, _____ and _____

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and chains of oligosaccharides

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40
Q

Site where materials are exchanged between the cell and its environment; regulates the ion concentration of the cytoplasm; also recognition, regulatory, and interaction functions

A

plasma membrane

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41
Q

thickness of plasma membrane

A

7.5 to 10 nm in thickness (EM)

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42
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

trilaminar (EM); fluid mosaic model

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43
Q

bulk uptake of material across plasma membrane into the cell; folding and fusion of membrane to form vesicles

A

endocytosis

44
Q

“cell-eating”; phagosome; then fuses with lysosomes.

A

phagocytosis

45
Q

“cell-drinking”; pinocytotic vesicle; then fuses with lysosomes.

A

pinocytosis

46
Q

binding of the ligand to a receptor causes coated pits made of clathrin to form; pinches off to form a coated vesicle; fuses with endosomal compartment to form endosomes.

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

47
Q

release of material across plasma membrane into the extracellular space; involves vesicle fusing with plasma membrane and releasing its contents.

A

exocytosis

48
Q

site of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components

A

lysosome

49
Q

size of lysosomes

A

0.05 micrometers to 0.5 micrometers

50
Q

lysosomes are membrane bound ____ that contain about 40 different _____

A

vesicles; hydrolytic enzymes

51
Q

function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

52
Q

size of ribosomes

A

20nm x 30 nm

53
Q

Ribosoms are composed of two different-sized subunits; the subunits are composed of ____ and ______; can be found free within the _____ or attached to membrane of the _______

A

rRNA; proteins; cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

Network of intercommunicating channels and sacs of membranes which enclose a space called a cisterna.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

ribosomes on the cytosolic side of the membrane; produces proteins for secretion

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

56
Q

Regions of ER without ribosomes; cisternae are much more tubular; important in the production of phospholipids; abundant in cells that synthesize steroid hormones (i.e. steroid synthesis).

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

57
Q

Completes post-translational modifications, packages, and sorts proteins synthesized in the RER.

A

golgi apparatus (golgi complex)

58
Q

the golgi apparatus is composed of smooth membranous _____; has a ____ (i.e., entry) face and a _____ (i.e., exit) face

A

saccules; cis; trans

59
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelles with enzymes arrays specialized for aerobic respiration and production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

mitochondria

60
Q

size of mitochondria

A

0.5 micrometers-1.0 micrometers in diameter and 5 micrometers-10 micrometers in length

61
Q

mitochondria have two membranes (i.e., inner and outer) and two compartments (i.e., _____); inner membrane folded to form _____ which project into matrix

A

matrix and intermembrane space; cristae

62
Q

Formed at the Golgi apparatus; store product until it is released via exocytosis

A

secretory vesicles or granules

63
Q

structure of secretory vesicles or granules

A

secretory product surrounded by membrane

64
Q

degrade denatured and nonfunctional polypeptides

A

proteasomes

65
Q

proteasomes are ____ proteins (i.e. no membrane); they have a ____ structure and are made of ____

A

cytoplasmic; cylindrical; 4 stacked rings

66
Q

oxidizes various potentially toxic molecules as well as prescription drugs

A

peroxisomes

67
Q

size of peroxisomes

A

0.5 micrometers in diameter

68
Q

peroxisomes are ____ membrane-limited organelles

A

spherical

69
Q

microtubules are fine tubular structures found in _____, _____, _____, _____ and ______

A

cytoplasmic matrix, centrioles, basal bodies, cilia, and flagella

70
Q

microtubules are important for formation and maintenance of _____; cellular transport of ____ and ______; create repeated beating motion

A

cell shape; organelles; vesicles

71
Q

size of microtubules

A

outer diameter of 24 nm and a dense wall 5 nm thick; hollow lumen

72
Q

length of microtubules

A

variable; can be many micrometers in length

73
Q

microtubules are composed of ____ and ____ tubulin molecules; they organize to form 13 parallel _______

A

alpha; beta; protofilaments

74
Q

in cilia and flagella, the same core structure of microtubules is present:

A

axoneme

75
Q

There is assembly of microtubules in a _____

A

9+2 pattern

76
Q

Nine peripheral doublets have an outer arm of ____ which connects to next doublet; ATP-dependent interaction cause _____- get repeated beating movement

A

dynein; conformational changes

77
Q

Allow for contractile activity within cells, including cell shape changes for endocytosis, exocytosis, and cell locomotion, moving cytoplasmic components, and cleavage during mitosis

A

microfilaments (actin filaments)

78
Q

size of microfilaments (actin filaments)

A

5-9 nm

79
Q

structure of microfilaments

A

composed of globular subunits organized into a double-stranded helix

80
Q

intermediate filaments are very ____; they provide ____ and _____

A

stable; mechanical strength; stability

81
Q

size of intermediate filaments

A

10-12 nm in diameter

82
Q

structure of intermediate filaments

A

Protein subunits different in different cell types; rod-like subunit that organize into a cable-like structure

83
Q

inclusions are cytoplasmic structures or deposits composed mainly of ______ or other substances; they are not considered _____

A

accumulated metabolites; organelles

84
Q

examples of inclusions

A

lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and pigment deposits

85
Q

main components of the nucleus

A
  1. nuclear envelope
  2. chromatin
  3. nucleolus
86
Q

chromatin is the _____ material in a largely ____ state

A

chromosomal; uncoiled

87
Q

2 types of chromatin

A

heterochromatin and euchromatin

88
Q

heterochromatin are ____ in EM and _____ in light microscopy

A

course granules; basophilic clumps

89
Q

euchromatin are less ____; they are ____ in EM and lightly ____ in light microscopy

A

coiled; fine granules; basophilic areas

90
Q

the nucleolus is…

A

a spherical, basophilic structure present in nuclei of cells active in protein synthesis; lots of rRNA in this location

91
Q

the process of cell suicide or programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

92
Q

apoptosis leads to the production of ______ which undergo ____ by neighboring cells

A

small, membrane-enclosed apoptotic bodies; phagocytosis

93
Q

resolving power of human eye

A

0.2 mm

94
Q

resolving power of light microscope

A

0.2 micrometers

95
Q

Resolving power of SEM

A

2.5 nm

96
Q

resolving power of TEM

A

0.05 nm (theoretical)/ 1.0 nm (tissue section)

97
Q

resolving power of atomic force microscopy

A

50.0 pm

98
Q

hematoxylin only would stain ____

A

blue

99
Q

eosin only would stain ____

A

pink

100
Q

hematoxylin and eosin together would stain ____

A

purple

101
Q

hematoxylin is a ___ dye that would stain ____ tissue

A

basic; basophilic

102
Q

hematoxylin has a ____ hue and an affinity for _____

A

blue; nuclei

103
Q

eosin is a ____ dye and would stain ____ tissue

A

acidic; acidophilic

104
Q

eosin has a ____ hue and an affinity for _____

A

pink; cytoplasm

105
Q

two parallel unit membranes separated by a narrow space; at sites where inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope fuse, nuclear pore complexes form; where regulation of the transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm takes place.

A

nuclear envelope

106
Q

spherical, highly basophilic structure present in nuclei of cells active in protein synthesis; lots of rRNA in this location

A

nucleolus

Anatomy (34 decks)

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