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Anatomy > Development of the Reproductive System > Flashcards

Development of the Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

urinary and genital systems both develop from a common mesodermal ridge called _____

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

intermediate mesoderm bulges into the intraembryonic coelmic cavity to create the _____

A

urogenital ridge

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3
Q

the urogenital ridge differentiates into ____ and _____

A
  • nephrogenic cord/ridge

- genital ridge

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4
Q

primordial germ cells originate from the ____ of the ____

A

endoderm; yolk sac

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5
Q

PGCs migrate along the ____ to invade the ____ around week 6

A

dorsal mesentery; genital ridges

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6
Q

in the genital ridge, epithelium proliferates and epithelial cells penetrate underlying mesenchyme to form _____ (at this point it is impossible to differentiate between male and female- indifferent gonads)

A

primitive sex cords

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7
Q

during the indifferent gonad phase, both males and females have two ductal systems:

A
  • mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts

- Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

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8
Q

paramesonephric ducts initially run ____ to mesonephric ducts; will cross ventrally and run ____ (in females)

A

laterally; caudomedially

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9
Q

cascade caused in males by 44+XY (Y influence)

A

indifferent gonad –> testis –>medually cords develop, no cortical cords, thick tunica albuginea

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10
Q

what happens in females because of 44 + XX (absence of Y)

A

indifferent gonad –> ovary –> medullary cords degenerate, cortical cords develop, no tunica albuginea

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11
Q

the Y chromosome contains the ____ gene which stands for _____

A

SRY; “sex determining region of the Y chromosome”

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12
Q

the SRY gene codes for ____, which stands for ____ and will lead to the development of the ____

A

TDF; testes determining factor; testes

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13
Q

the gonads will arise from ____ within the ____ of the embryo

A

intermediate mesoderm; genital ridges

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14
Q

the genital ducts will arise from paired _____ ducts

A

mesonephric

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15
Q

under influence of TDF, primitive sex cords continue to proliferate and penetrate into the ____, which is the central portion of the ____ (i.e. the developing testes)

A

medulla; genital ridge

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16
Q

the proliferation of the primitive sex cords forms the ___ or ____

A

testis cords or medually cords

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17
Q

towards the ____ (or lateral portion to the medulla), the testis cords break up and give rise to the tubules of the _____

A

hilum; rete testis

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18
Q

fibrous connective tissue that separates the testis cords from surface epithelium

A

tunica albuginea

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19
Q

the testis cords are composed of ____ and ____

A

primitive germ cells; sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells)

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20
Q

the sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells are derived from _____, secrete ____, and support _____

A

surface epithelium; AMH (also called MIS); spermiogenesis

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21
Q

the cell population within the empty space found between the testis cords is made up of ____ or _____

A

interstitial cells; Leydig cells

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22
Q

interstitial/Leydig cells are derived from _____ and secrete _____

A

mesenchyme of the genital ridge; testosterone

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23
Q

Around month 4, testis cords become _____ shaped

A

horseshoe

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24
Q

AMH stands for ____ and MIS stands for _____; both substances influence the degeneration/regression of the paramesonephric ducts (also called Mullerian ducts)

A

anti-Mullerian hormone; Mullerian-inhibiting substance

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25
Q

at approximately the 8th week of development, testosterone is secreted by the Leydig cells, which induces masculine differentiation of ____ and _____

A

mesonephric ducts; external genitalia

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26
Q

the testis cords remain solid until puberty, at which they develop a ____ and are called the _____

A

lumen; seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

the seminiferous tubules then join with the ____, which will enter the _____

A

rete testis tubules (or cords); ductuli efferentes (efferent ductules)

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28
Q

the ductuli efferentes (efferent ductules) link the ____ and _____

A

rete testis; mesonephric duct

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29
Q

the mesonephric duct will become the _____

A

ductus deferens (vas deferens)

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30
Q

the genital ducts in males are stimulated to develop by ____ and are derived from the _____

A

testosterone; mesonephric kidney system

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31
Q

mesonephric ducts open into _____ on either side of the ____

A

urogenital sinus; sinus tubercle

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32
Q

genital ducts in males

A

efferent ductules lead to (1) epididymis –> (2) ductus deferens –> (3) seminal vesicle –> (4) ejaculatory duct

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33
Q

under the control of AMH, the _____ degenerates, except for a small portion of the cranial end called the _____

A

paramesonephric duct; appendix testis

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34
Q

the _____ or ____ is an outpocketing of the urethra

A

utriculus prostaticus ; prostatic utricle

35
Q

the testes develop ____ in the abdominal region and must pass through the abdominal wall to the reach the ____; passage occurs through the _____

A

retroperitoneally; scrotum; inguinal canal

36
Q

the _____ extends from the caudal pole of the testis, anchors it to the scrotum and guides its descent

A

gubernaculum

37
Q

descent occurs primarily due to the growth of the cranial end of the ____away from the future ____ region; this descent through the inguinal canals is controlled by ____

A

abdomen; pelvic; testosterone

38
Q

passage through the inguinal canals may also be aided by increase in _____ resulting from growth of _____

A

intra-abdominal pressure; abdominal viscera

39
Q

during descent of the testes, the _____ of the abdominal cavity forms evagination on each side of the midline into the ____ abdominal wall; this is the ____, which follows the path of the gubernaculum into the scrotal swellings

A

peritoneam; ventral; vaginal process or processus vaginalis

40
Q

as testes descend through the inguinal ring, they get covered by:

A
  • processus vaginalis: visceral layer of tunica vaginalis & parietal layer of tunica vaginalis
  • Transversalis fascia: internal spermatic fascia
  • internal abdominal oblique muscle: cremasteric fascia and muscle
  • external abdominal oblique muscle: external spermatic fascia
41
Q

_____ does not contribute a layer to the testes

A

transversus abdominis m.

42
Q

because females have no Y chromosome, they have no ___ or ____

A

SRY; TDF

43
Q

_____ dissociate into clusters which occupy the ____ part of the ovary

A

primitive sex cords; medullary

44
Q

surface epithelium continues to proliferate which gives rise to the ____ in females

A

cortical cords

45
Q

cortical cords split into isolated cell clusters; cells in clusters continue to proliferate & surround ____ with _____

A

oogonium; follicular cells

46
Q

oogonia (or primary oocyte) + follicular cells = _____

A

primordial follicle

47
Q

in females, with the presence of estrogen and the absence of testosterone and AMH:

A
  • mesonephric ducts regress

- paramesonephric ducts develop into main genital ducts

48
Q

in females, paramesonephric ducts at first run ____ to mesonephric duct, then cross ____; at midline, they will meet with the paramesonephric duct on the opposite side

A

lateral; ventrally

49
Q

the caudal tip of combined paramesonephric ducts projects into the ____ at the ____

A

posterior urogenital sinus; sinus tubercle

50
Q

ovaries will descend, and paramesonephric ducts simultaneously form:

A
  • uterine tube
  • uterine canal
  • corpus uteri
  • cervix
  • upper portion of vagina
51
Q

when the caudal tip of the paramesonephric duct hits the urogenital sinus, two _____ proliferate and form solid _____

A

sinovaginal bulbs; vaginal plate

52
Q

wing like expansions of the vagina around the end of the uterus

A

vaginal fornices

53
Q

____ continues to grow cranially, increasing distance between uterus and urogenital sinus

A

vaginal plate

54
Q

the vagina has dual origin; upper portion from ____ and lower portion derived from _____

A

uterine canal; urogenital sinus

55
Q

the ____, which is a plate of ____ cells, separates the vagina from the urogenital sinus

A

hymen; endoderm

56
Q

as the ovaries descend, fused folds of peritoneum coming from lateral walls create the ____

A

broad ligament

57
Q

cranial genital ligament forms the _____

A

suspensory ligament

58
Q

caudal genital ligament forms the _____ and _____

A

round ligament of the ovary; round ligament of the uterus

59
Q

in females, during the 3rd week, ____ from the primitive streak migrates around the cloacal membrane to form ____

A

mesenchyme; cloacal folds

60
Q

the cloacal folds fuse cranial to the cloacal membrane and create the _____

A

genital tubercle

61
Q

caudal cloacal folds form the ____ and ____ folds

A

urethral; anal

62
Q

genital swellings become visible and will become the ___ in males and the ____ in females

A

scrotal swellings; labia majora

63
Q

in males, external genitalia characterized by rapid elongation of ____, now called the ____

A

genital tubercle; phallus

64
Q

the phallus pulls ____ forward to form the lateral walls of the _____

A

urethral folds; urethral groove

65
Q

epithelial lining of the urethral groove; originates from _____

A

urethral plate; endoderm

66
Q

external genitalia in males influenced by _____

A

androgens

67
Q

at the end of the 3rd month, two urethral folds close over the urethral plate, forming the ____, which does not extend to the tip of the ____

A

penile urethra; phallus

68
Q

the distal end of the phallus is formed during the 4th month, when _____ cells penetrate inward to form short _____

A

ectodermal; epithelial cord

69
Q

later, the cord will obtain a lumen and will be called the _____

A

external urethral meatus

70
Q

the penile urethra has both ____ and ____ origination

A

endoderm; ectoderm

71
Q

scrotal swellings arise in ____ region and move ____

A

inguinal; caudally

72
Q

scrotal swelling makes up half of the scrotum, the two are separated by the ____ (line of fusion of scrotal swellings)

A

scrotal septum

73
Q

in the female, the genital tubercle elongates slightly to form the ____

A

clitoris

74
Q

the urethral folds do not fuse and develop into the _____

A

labia minora

75
Q

genital swellings enlarge and form the _____

A

labia majora

76
Q

urogenital groove is open and forms the ____

A

vestibule

77
Q

external genitalia in females influenced by ____

A

estrogens

78
Q

pituitary gland develops from two sources:

A
  1. ectodermal outpocketing of stomodeum (developing moouth), which is Rathke’s pouch
  2. downward extension of the diencephalon, called the infundibulum (nervous tissue)
79
Q

Rathke’s pouch grows ____ towards the infundibulum and will lose its connection with the ____ (ends up in area of sphenoid bone)

A

dorsally; oral cavity

80
Q

cells in anterior wall of Rathke’s pouch form _____ or anterior lobe

A

adenohypophysis

81
Q

an extension of the adenohypophysis, the _____, grows along infundibulum and surrounds it

A

pars tuberalis

82
Q

the posterior wall of Rathke’s pouch forms _____, or the posterior lobe

A

pars intermedia

83
Q

infundibulum gives rise to the ____ and the ____

A

stalk; pars nervosa

84
Q

the pituitary gland is the connection between the ____ and ____ systems

A

nervous; endocrine

Anatomy (34 decks)

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