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Anatomy > Lower Abdomen > Flashcards

Lower Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

entrance from stomach to esophagus

A

cardiac orifice

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2
Q

exit from stomach to duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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3
Q

temporary folds within the body of the stomach that reduce the volume of the stomach

A

rugae

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4
Q

rugae are the result of _____; churning movement

A

muscularis externa

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5
Q

primary function of stomach is ____; gastric juices convert a mass of food to a semiliquid mixture called ____

A

enzymatic digestion; chyme

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6
Q

rugae are controlled by ____

A

Auerbach’s plexus (myenteric plexus) (ANS, enteric NS)

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7
Q

the _____ crosses through the pylorus of the stomach

A

transpyloric plane

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8
Q

permanent folds within intestine; become more diffuse distally

A

plicae circularis

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9
Q

ileum empties into the cecum at the ____

A

ileocecal junction

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10
Q

superior part of duodenum is at vertebral level ____ and is anterior to ____

A

L1; anterior to bile duct and gastroduodenal a.

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11
Q

the descending portion of the duodenum is at vertebral levels ____ and ____/____ are located here

A

L2-L3; major/minor duodenal papillae located here

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12
Q

the inferior portion of the duodenum is at vertebral level ___ and crosses anterior to ____ & ____ and crosses posterior to ____

A

L3; IVC/aorta; SMA

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13
Q

ascending portion of duodenum at vertebral level ___

A

L3-2

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14
Q

from proximal to distal small intestine: ____ decrease in length, ____ decrease in number, ____ increase in number, and ____ & ____ increase

A

vasta recta; plicae circularis; arterial arcades; lymphatics/fat

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15
Q

remnant of embryonic yolk stalk; appears as a finger-like pouch about 1 m proximal to ileocecal valve; may become inflamed and mimic appendicitis

A

Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum

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16
Q

symptoms/findings of meckel’s diverticulum include:

A

hemorrhage, intussusception, diverticulitis, ulceration, obstruction

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17
Q

____ of the colon is just inferior to the right lobe of the liver

A

hepatic flexure (at the top of the ascending colon- also called right colic flexure)

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18
Q

____ of the colon is a more acute bend at the junction of the transverse and descending colon, just inferior to the spleen

A

splenic flexure

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19
Q

____ is more superior and posterior of the two flexures

A

splenic flexure

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20
Q

splenic flexure (or left colic flexure) is attached to the diaphragm by the ____

A

splenocolic ligament

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21
Q

the _____ are lateral to the ascending and descending segments of the colon and are depressions through which materials pass from one region of the peritoneal cavity to another

A

right and left paracolic gutters

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22
Q

opens into the cecum inferior to the ileocecal orifice

A

veriform appendix

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23
Q

triangular mesentery attached to the appendix

A

mesoappendix

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24
Q

the appendix is commonly _____ but varies considerably

A

retrocecal

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25
Q

____ divides the abdominal cavity into 2 compartments

A

transverse mesocolon (suprocolic and infracolic compartments)

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26
Q

supracolic compartment contains:

A

stomach, liver, and spleen

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27
Q

infracolic comp. contains:

A

small intestine and ascending/descending colon

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28
Q

3 smooth muscle bands paralleling the length of the colon

A

teniae coli

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29
Q

outpouchings produced by the teniae coli

A

haustra coli

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30
Q

fat tags found along the colon

A

epiploic appendages

31
Q

2nd major branch of the abdominal aorta; about 1 cm inferior to celiac a.; sends 15-18 intestinal aa. to small intestine

A

superior mesenteric a. (SMA)

32
Q

SMA supplies up to _____ via:

A

supplies up to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon; via the ileocolic, right and middle colic, and inferior pancreaticoduodenal

33
Q

3rd major branch of abdominal aorta; about 5 cm superior to aortic bifurcation

A

inferior mesenteric a. (IMA)

34
Q

IMA supplies the colon from _____ via:

A

supplies colon from distal 1/3 of the transverse colon via the left colic, sigmoid (4), and superior rectal

35
Q

____ exist between colic branches for collateral circulation

A

anastomoses

36
Q

these anastomoses form a consistent vascular ____ around the colon via the _____

A

arc; marginal artery of Drummond

37
Q

gastroduodenal a. gives off _____

A

superior pancreaticoduodenal aa.

38
Q

SMA gives off _____

A

inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa.

39
Q

____ supplies the rest of the pancreas with additional branches

A

splenic a.

40
Q

lateral branches of abdominal aorta (lateral to SMA); enter the hilum of each kidney to supply it

A

renal arteries

41
Q

renal arteries send off branches to ____ and ____

A

adrenal glands; ureters

42
Q

other adrenal branches from _____ and _____

A

inferior phrenic aa; aorta

43
Q

lateral branches of abdominal aorta (inferior to renal arteries)

A

gonadal arteries (ovarian or testicular)

44
Q

ovarian arteries cross over ____ and ____; descend to pelvis to supply the ovaries

A

ureters; iliac vessels

45
Q

testicular arteries cross over ____ and enter ____; descend into scrotum to supply testes

A

ureters; inguinal canal

46
Q

gonadal arteries descend along the anterior surface of the ____ muscle

A

psoas

47
Q

largest vein in the body that returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart

A

Inferior vena cava

48
Q

IVC begins at about the ___ vertebral level, extends to the union of the ____

A

L5; common iliac veins

49
Q

IVC returns poorly oxygenated blood from ___, ____, ____, and ____

A

lower limb; most of the back; abdominal wall; abdominopelvic viscera

50
Q

blood from viscera goes through ____, meaning it must pass through the liver via the hepatic veins before entering the IVC

A

portal venous system

51
Q

formed by the union of the splenic v. and superior mesenteric v. (at about L2 vertebral level)

A

portal vein

52
Q

portal vein supplies venous return from:

A
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • gall bladder
  • abdominal gastrointestinal tract
53
Q

the portal vein returns nutrient rich, poorly oxygenated blood to the ____, then it goes to ___ and then _____

A

liver; IVC; right atrium of the heart

54
Q

4 anastomoses of portal and caval veins

A
  1. gastric veins (portal) & esophageal veins (caval)
  2. paraumbilical veins (portal) & epigastric veins (caval)
  3. superior rectal veins (portal) & middle/inferior rectal veins (caval)
  4. colic veins (portal) & retroperitoneal veins (caval)
55
Q

____ restricts blood flow and causes caval veins to become engorged; may cause them to become ____ and ____

A

portal hypertension; dilated; varicose

56
Q

dilated esophageal veins produce ____

A

esophageal varices

57
Q

dilated epigastric veins produce ____ (distended and engorged paraumbilical veins - often resulting from cirrhosis)

A

caput medusae

58
Q

dilated inferior/middle rectal veins produce ____

A

hemorrhoids

59
Q

for nerve supply to the abdomen, sympathetic fibers originate from ____

A

T5-T12-L2 (thoracolumbar)

60
Q

for nerve supply to abdomen, parasympathetic fibers originate from ____ and ____

A

CN X (vagus n.) ; S2-4 (craniosacral)

61
Q

sympathetics of the abdomen: preganglionic splanchnic nerves synapse in _____

A

collateral ganglia

62
Q

sympathetics: ____ leave ganglia to reach _____

A

postganglionic fibers; effector organs

63
Q

sympathetics: post-synaptic fibers travel on all main arterial branches:

A

celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa, IMA, and all their branches

64
Q

parasympathetics of abdomen: preganglionic nerves from ____ travel on upper arterial branches (i.e. ??)

A

CN X

upper arterial branches: celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa. and all their branches

65
Q

parasympathetics of abdomen: preganglionic nerves from ____ travel on lower arterial branches (i.e.???)

A

S2-4

lower arterial branches: IMA and branches

66
Q

parasympathetics: synapses occur within ____

A

effector organs

67
Q

4 major autonomic ganglia

A
  • celiac ganglion
  • aorticorenal ganglion
  • superior mesenteric ganglion
  • inferior mesenteric ganglion
68
Q

celiac ganglion plexus travels with ____

A

celiac branches

69
Q

superior mesenteric ganglion plexus travels with ____

A

SMA branches

70
Q

aorticorenal ganglion plexus travels with ____

A

renal branches

71
Q

Inferior mesenteric ganglion travels with ____

A

IMA branches

72
Q

celiac, aorticorenal, and superior mesenteric ganglion/plexus receive _____ and _____

A

thoracic splanchnic nerves (postganglionic sympathetic) and CN X branches (Preganglionic parasympathetic)

73
Q

inferior mesenteric ganglion/plexus receives ____ and _____

A

L1-2 splanchnic nerves (postganglionic sympathetic) and S2-4 branches (preganglionic parasympathetic)

Anatomy (34 decks)

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