Lower Abdomen Flashcards
entrance from stomach to esophagus
cardiac orifice
exit from stomach to duodenum
pyloric sphincter
temporary folds within the body of the stomach that reduce the volume of the stomach
rugae
rugae are the result of _____; churning movement
muscularis externa
primary function of stomach is ____; gastric juices convert a mass of food to a semiliquid mixture called ____
enzymatic digestion; chyme
rugae are controlled by ____
Auerbach’s plexus (myenteric plexus) (ANS, enteric NS)
the _____ crosses through the pylorus of the stomach
transpyloric plane
permanent folds within intestine; become more diffuse distally
plicae circularis
ileum empties into the cecum at the ____
ileocecal junction
superior part of duodenum is at vertebral level ____ and is anterior to ____
L1; anterior to bile duct and gastroduodenal a.
the descending portion of the duodenum is at vertebral levels ____ and ____/____ are located here
L2-L3; major/minor duodenal papillae located here
the inferior portion of the duodenum is at vertebral level ___ and crosses anterior to ____ & ____ and crosses posterior to ____
L3; IVC/aorta; SMA
ascending portion of duodenum at vertebral level ___
L3-2
from proximal to distal small intestine: ____ decrease in length, ____ decrease in number, ____ increase in number, and ____ & ____ increase
vasta recta; plicae circularis; arterial arcades; lymphatics/fat
remnant of embryonic yolk stalk; appears as a finger-like pouch about 1 m proximal to ileocecal valve; may become inflamed and mimic appendicitis
Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum
symptoms/findings of meckel’s diverticulum include:
hemorrhage, intussusception, diverticulitis, ulceration, obstruction
____ of the colon is just inferior to the right lobe of the liver
hepatic flexure (at the top of the ascending colon- also called right colic flexure)
____ of the colon is a more acute bend at the junction of the transverse and descending colon, just inferior to the spleen
splenic flexure
____ is more superior and posterior of the two flexures
splenic flexure
splenic flexure (or left colic flexure) is attached to the diaphragm by the ____
splenocolic ligament
the _____ are lateral to the ascending and descending segments of the colon and are depressions through which materials pass from one region of the peritoneal cavity to another
right and left paracolic gutters
opens into the cecum inferior to the ileocecal orifice
veriform appendix
triangular mesentery attached to the appendix
mesoappendix
the appendix is commonly _____ but varies considerably
retrocecal
____ divides the abdominal cavity into 2 compartments
transverse mesocolon (suprocolic and infracolic compartments)
supracolic compartment contains:
stomach, liver, and spleen
infracolic comp. contains:
small intestine and ascending/descending colon
3 smooth muscle bands paralleling the length of the colon
teniae coli
outpouchings produced by the teniae coli
haustra coli
fat tags found along the colon
epiploic appendages
2nd major branch of the abdominal aorta; about 1 cm inferior to celiac a.; sends 15-18 intestinal aa. to small intestine
superior mesenteric a. (SMA)
SMA supplies up to _____ via:
supplies up to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon; via the ileocolic, right and middle colic, and inferior pancreaticoduodenal
3rd major branch of abdominal aorta; about 5 cm superior to aortic bifurcation
inferior mesenteric a. (IMA)
IMA supplies the colon from _____ via:
supplies colon from distal 1/3 of the transverse colon via the left colic, sigmoid (4), and superior rectal
____ exist between colic branches for collateral circulation
anastomoses
these anastomoses form a consistent vascular ____ around the colon via the _____
arc; marginal artery of Drummond
gastroduodenal a. gives off _____
superior pancreaticoduodenal aa.
SMA gives off _____
inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa.
____ supplies the rest of the pancreas with additional branches
splenic a.
lateral branches of abdominal aorta (lateral to SMA); enter the hilum of each kidney to supply it
renal arteries
renal arteries send off branches to ____ and ____
adrenal glands; ureters
other adrenal branches from _____ and _____
inferior phrenic aa; aorta
lateral branches of abdominal aorta (inferior to renal arteries)
gonadal arteries (ovarian or testicular)
ovarian arteries cross over ____ and ____; descend to pelvis to supply the ovaries
ureters; iliac vessels
testicular arteries cross over ____ and enter ____; descend into scrotum to supply testes
ureters; inguinal canal
gonadal arteries descend along the anterior surface of the ____ muscle
psoas
largest vein in the body that returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart
Inferior vena cava
IVC begins at about the ___ vertebral level, extends to the union of the ____
L5; common iliac veins
IVC returns poorly oxygenated blood from ___, ____, ____, and ____
lower limb; most of the back; abdominal wall; abdominopelvic viscera
blood from viscera goes through ____, meaning it must pass through the liver via the hepatic veins before entering the IVC
portal venous system
formed by the union of the splenic v. and superior mesenteric v. (at about L2 vertebral level)
portal vein
portal vein supplies venous return from:
- spleen
- pancreas
- gall bladder
- abdominal gastrointestinal tract
the portal vein returns nutrient rich, poorly oxygenated blood to the ____, then it goes to ___ and then _____
liver; IVC; right atrium of the heart
4 anastomoses of portal and caval veins
- gastric veins (portal) & esophageal veins (caval)
- paraumbilical veins (portal) & epigastric veins (caval)
- superior rectal veins (portal) & middle/inferior rectal veins (caval)
- colic veins (portal) & retroperitoneal veins (caval)
____ restricts blood flow and causes caval veins to become engorged; may cause them to become ____ and ____
portal hypertension; dilated; varicose
dilated esophageal veins produce ____
esophageal varices
dilated epigastric veins produce ____ (distended and engorged paraumbilical veins - often resulting from cirrhosis)
caput medusae
dilated inferior/middle rectal veins produce ____
hemorrhoids
for nerve supply to the abdomen, sympathetic fibers originate from ____
T5-T12-L2 (thoracolumbar)
for nerve supply to abdomen, parasympathetic fibers originate from ____ and ____
CN X (vagus n.) ; S2-4 (craniosacral)
sympathetics of the abdomen: preganglionic splanchnic nerves synapse in _____
collateral ganglia
sympathetics: ____ leave ganglia to reach _____
postganglionic fibers; effector organs
sympathetics: post-synaptic fibers travel on all main arterial branches:
celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa, IMA, and all their branches
parasympathetics of abdomen: preganglionic nerves from ____ travel on upper arterial branches (i.e. ??)
CN X
upper arterial branches: celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa. and all their branches
parasympathetics of abdomen: preganglionic nerves from ____ travel on lower arterial branches (i.e.???)
S2-4
lower arterial branches: IMA and branches
parasympathetics: synapses occur within ____
effector organs
4 major autonomic ganglia
- celiac ganglion
- aorticorenal ganglion
- superior mesenteric ganglion
- inferior mesenteric ganglion
celiac ganglion plexus travels with ____
celiac branches
superior mesenteric ganglion plexus travels with ____
SMA branches
aorticorenal ganglion plexus travels with ____
renal branches
Inferior mesenteric ganglion travels with ____
IMA branches
celiac, aorticorenal, and superior mesenteric ganglion/plexus receive _____ and _____
thoracic splanchnic nerves (postganglionic sympathetic) and CN X branches (Preganglionic parasympathetic)
inferior mesenteric ganglion/plexus receives ____ and _____
L1-2 splanchnic nerves (postganglionic sympathetic) and S2-4 branches (preganglionic parasympathetic)
