Introduction Flashcards
“structure;” the science of body structure and the relationships among them; static nature of the body
anatomy
anatomy can be approached by ___ or ____
regional anatomy; systemic anatomy
all the structures in a particular area of the body are studied together; for example the lower limb
regional anatomy
body structure studied system by system independent of the region
systemic anatomy
the initial reference point; body is erect (upright); facing forward; feet together and parallel, feet flat on floor; head level; eye facing forward; palms facing forward and thumbs point away from body
anatomical position
face down
prone
face up
supine
two terms that apply to a body lying down
prone and supine
two skeletal divisions of the body
axial and appendicular
the axial skeleton is made up of…
the head, neck, and trunk, i.e. thorax, abdomen and pelvis
appendicular skeleton is made up of…
the appendages or limbs
major regions of the body
- head and neck 2. thorax 3. abdomen and pelvis 4. back 5. upper limb 6. lower limb
describe the position of one body part to another
directional terms
toward/nearer the front of the body
anterior (ventral)
toward/nearer the back of the body
posterior (dorsal)
toward the head end or upper part of a body or structure
superior (cranial)
away from the head end or upper part of a body or structure
inferior (caudal)
nearer to the midline
medial
further from the midline
lateral
towards or at the body’s surface
superficial
away from the body’s surface
deep
closer to the origin of the body part; nearer the attachment of the limb to the trunk; attachment point is the shoulder
proximal
further from the origin of the body part; further from the attachment of the limb to the trunk; attachment point is the hip
distal
proximal and distal are used to describe structures/regions in the _____
extremities
human body planes
sagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse/horizontal
creates right and left halves
sagittal plane
cuts body into equal right and left halves
midsagittal or median plane
cuts body into unequal right and left parts
parasagittal
divides the body (part) into anterior and posterior parts
frontal or coronal plane
divides the body (part) into superior and inferior parts
transverse/horizontal/axial/cross-sectional plane
simplest movement; flat surfaces glide or slip over one another; intercarpal and intertarsal joints are examples of this motion
gliding or translation
decreases angle in a joint
flexion
increases angle in a joint
extension
in anatomical position, all joints are considered to be at ____ degrees
180
moving away of a limb from the midline or median plane of the body
abduction
moving a limb towards the midline or median plane of the body
adduction
moving the limb so that it creates a cone in space; distal end of limb moves in a circle while proximal connection is basically stationary; includes flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in quick succession
circumduction
turning of a bone around its own long axis
rotation
rotation towards the midline in a transverse plane
medial (internal) rotation
rotation away from the midline in a transverse plane
lateral (external) rotation
brings the superior surface of the foot towards the shin
dorsiflexion
depresses the foot (pointing of the toes)
plantar flexion
sole of the foot turns medially
inversion
sole faces laterally
eversion
rotating the forearm laterally which places palm anteriorly or superiorly; brings the ulna and radius parallel to each other
supination
rotating the forearm medially which places the palm posteriorly and inferiorly; moves the distal end of the radius across the ulna, creating a cross
pronation
nonangular anterior movement in the transverse plane
protraction/protrusion
posterior movements in the transverse plane
retraction/retrusion
lifting the body part superiorly
elevation
moving the elevated part inferiorly
depression
saddle joint between metacarpal 1 (at thumb) and the carpal bones allows for this; take your thumb and touch the tips of the other fingers on the same hand; great for grasping and manipulating objects.
opposition
