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Anatomy > Endocrine System Histo > Flashcards

Endocrine System Histo Flashcards

1
Q

secrete onto a surface, either directly or through a duct

A

exocrine gland

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2
Q

secrete internally; ductless glands; secrete hormones; primarily utilize cardiovascular system for distribution

A

endocrine gland

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3
Q

2 types of hormones

A

circulating and local hormones

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4
Q

local hormones are ___ or ____

A

paracrines; autocrines

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5
Q

main visceral control center for body; the autonomic control center; regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance/thirst, sleep-wake cycles, sexual behavior and endocrine system functioning; its influence on the body is vital for maintaining homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

hypothalamus is major link betw ____ and ____ systems; considered the command center for the endocrine system; its secretions can regulate other glands

A

endocrine; nervous

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7
Q

hypothalamus produces 9 hormones: 5 ____ hormones which impact/control the anterior pituitary; 2 ____ hormones which impact/control the ant. pituitary, and 2 other hormones released from the ____

A

releasing; inhibiting; posterior pituitary

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8
Q

the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by the ____; the pituitary gland is known as the ____

A

infundibulum; master gland of the endocrine system

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9
Q

together the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland regulate virtually all aspects of ____, ____, ____, and _____

A

growth; development; metabolism; homeostasis

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10
Q

pituitary gland also known as ____; it sits in the ____ within the ____ of the sphenoid bone

A

hypophysis; hypophyseal fossa; sella turcica

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11
Q

bulk of the anterior lobe of the pit. gland; cords of epithelial cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries; develops from anterior wall of Rathke’s pouch

A

pars distalis

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12
Q

thin remnant of posterior wall of Rathke’s pouch; next to pars distalis; surrounds a series of colloid-filled follicles that represent the residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch

A

pars intermedia

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13
Q

from thickened lateral walls of Rathke’s pouch; forms a collar or sheath around the infundibulum; most cells here are basophilic gonadotropic cells

A

pars tuberalis

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14
Q

anterior pituitary/anterior lobe/adenohypophysis has 3 parts:

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars tuberalis
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15
Q

neurosecretory axons and their endings

A

pars nervosa

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16
Q

contains neurosecretory axons forming the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tracts

A

infundibulum

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17
Q

2 parts of the posterior lobe/posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis

A
  • pars nervosa

- infundibulum

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18
Q

the hypophysis or pituitary gland is derived in part from an outpocketing of the ____ lining the roof of the mouth called the _____ and in part from an outpocketing of the _____ lining the floor of the hypothalamus called the _____

A

ectoderm; hypophyseal (Rathke’s pouch)

neuroectoderm; neurohypophyseal bud

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19
Q

the ____ of the pituitary gland develops from the roof of the mouth

A

anterior lobe

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20
Q

release of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by _____ (5) and suppressed by ____ (2) from the ____ as well as through _____

A

releasing hormones; inhibiting hormones; hypothalamus; negative feedback

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21
Q

the regulating hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland by the _____

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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22
Q

cluster of specialized cells called ____ in the hypothalamus synthesize the hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones in their cell body

A

neurosecretory neurons

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23
Q

these hypothalamic hormones travel down the axons of the neurosecretory cells to the axon terminals where they exit via ____

A

exocytosis

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24
Q

these hormones diffuse into the hypophyseal portal system at the ____

A

primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system (fenestrated capillaries)

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25
Q

these hormones then pass from the primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system to the ____ into the _____, bringing these hypothalamic hormones directly to the cells of the ____

A

hypophyseal portal veins; secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system; pars distalis

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26
Q

there are two groups of secretory cells in pars distalis based on staining affinity:

A

chromophils and chromophobes

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27
Q

chromophils are 50% of pars distalis; hormone stored in ____

A

cytoplasmic granules

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28
Q

chromophils are either ___ or ____

A

basophils (affinity for basic dyes, 10% of pars distalis)

acidophils (affinity for acidic dyes, 40% of pars distalis)

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29
Q

three types of basophils from most to least abundant

A
  1. corticotropes (ACTH cells)- 15-20% of anterior lobe
  2. gonadotropes (FSH and LH cells)- 10% of anterior lobe
  3. thyrotropes (TSH cells)- 5% of anterior lobe
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30
Q

two types of acidophils from most to least abundant

A
  1. somatotropes (GH cells)- 50% of anterior lobe

2. lactotropes (mammotropes, PRL cells)- 15-20% of anterior lobe

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31
Q

50% of pars distalis; with few or no secretory granules; stain weakly; clear cells; reserve/primitive cells; undifferentiated cells; can become chromophils

A

chromophobes

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32
Q

7 hormones of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Human growth hormone (hGH)
  2. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. follicle-stim hormone (FSH)
  4. luteinizing hormone (LH)
  5. prolactin (PRL)
  6. adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  7. melanocyte-stim hormone (MSH)
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33
Q

human growth hormone (hGH) secreted by _____

A

somatotropes (acidophils)

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34
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by ____

A

thyrotropes (basophils)

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35
Q

follicle-stim hormone (FSH) secreted by ____

A

gonadotropes (basophils)

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36
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted by _____

A

gonadotropes (basophils)

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37
Q

Prolactin (PRL) secreted by _____

A

lactotropes (acidophils)

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38
Q

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secreted by ____

A

corticotropes (basophils)

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39
Q

melanocyte-stim hormone (MSH) secreted by ____

A

corticotropes (basophils)

40
Q

human growth hormone also called ____

A

somatotropin

41
Q

the posterior pituitary (posterior lobe/neurohypophysis) does not ____ hormones (i.e. no secretory cells here), but instead ____ and _____ two hormones

A

synthesize; stores; releases

42
Q

posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) contains the ___ and ___ of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons, along with ____, ____ and ____

A

axons; axon terminals

along with fibroblasts, mast cells, and pituicytes

43
Q

a type of glial cells, resembling the astrocyte, that associates fenestrated capillaries; cell has many branches; pigment vesicles in cytoplasm; nuclei round or oval; most common cell type in the posterior pituitary

A

pituicytes

44
Q

the two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are:

A
  1. oxytocin (OT)

2. antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

45
Q

these two hormones are synthesized within the cell bodies of the _____ in the ____

A

neurosecretory neurons; hypothalamus

46
Q

the axons of the neurosecretory neurons form the _____ in the _____

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract; infundibulum

47
Q

the hormones, once formed in the hypothalamus, are transported down the axons in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary where they are stored in ____ in dilated portions of the axons near the terminals called _____

A

secretory vesicles; Herring bodies (aka neurosecretory bodies)

48
Q

neuroendocrine gland that regulates daily body rhythm; day/night cycle (circadian rhythm)

A

pineal gland/body

49
Q

major hormone production of the pineal gland

A

melatonin

50
Q

two cell types of the pineal gland

A
  1. pinealocytes (parenchymal cells) 95% of cells

2. interstitial (glial) cells - 5% of cells

51
Q

characteristic presence of ____ in the pineal gland

A

corpora arenacea (brain sand)

52
Q

adrenal glands or suprarenal glands have a ___ around the gland

A

capsule

53
Q

the cortex of the adrenal gland is a large, peripheral area just below the capsule that makes up 80-90% of the gland; contains ____ cells

A

steroid-secreting

54
Q

the medulla of the adrenal gland is a smaller, centrally located area that contains _____ cells

A

catecholamine-secreting

55
Q

3 regions of the adrenal cortex

A
  1. zona glomerulosa
  2. zona fasciculata
  3. zona reticularis
56
Q

the thickest of the 3 adrenal cortex regions; contains cells that are arranged in long rows/cords

A

zona fasciculata

57
Q

zona glomerulosa (outermost layer) secretes _____, mainly _____

A

mineralocorticoid hormones; aldosterone

58
Q

zona fasciculata (middle layer) secretes _____, mainly ____

A

glucocorticoid hormones; cortisol

59
Q

zona reticularis (deepest layer) secretes _____, mainly ____

A

androgen hormones; DHEA

60
Q

adrenal medulla chromaffin cells secrete 3 catecholamine hormones:

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine

61
Q

Regulates Na+, K+, and water; Control of blood pressure

A

mineralocorticoid hormones such as aldosterone

62
Q

Regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism; Suppresses the immune system; Provides resistance to stress

A

glucocorticoid hormones like cortisol

63
Q

Assists in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes

A

androgen hormones like DHEA

64
Q

Intensify sympathetic responses in other parts of the body

A

catecholamines like epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

65
Q

a modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic NS (ANS)

A

adrenal medulla

66
Q

the adrenal medulla develops from the same embryonic tissues as all other ____ in the body (i.e. neural crest cells), but the cells found in the medulla lack ____ and do not release ____

A

sympathetic ganglia; axons; neurotransmitter

67
Q

instead, these modified neurons (called _____) cluster around ____ and release hormones

A

chromaffin cells; blood vessels

68
Q

the chromaffin cells are controlled by ____, which allows for quick signalling to the chromaffin cells to release hormones via _____

A

sympathetic preganglionic neurons; exocytosis

69
Q

the ____ component of the pancreas synthesizes and secretes hormones

A

endocrine

70
Q

the endocrine portion seen in the pancreas as _____, found throughout the pancreas but most numerous in the tail

A

islets of Langerhans (aka pancreatic islets, 100-200 micrometers in diameter)

71
Q

endocrine portion of pancreas stains ___ compared to the exocrine portion (i.e. pancreatic acini)

A

pale

72
Q

3 principle cells of the islets of langerhans

A
  1. beta or B cells
  2. alpha or A cells
  3. delta or D cells
73
Q

beta cells are 70% of the islets; they synthesize and secrete ____; cells found toward ___ of islet

A

insulin; center

74
Q

alpha or A cells are 17% of the islets; they synthesize and secrete ____; cells found toward ____ of islet

A

glucagon; periphery

75
Q

delta or D cells are 7% of islets; they synthesize and secrete ____ (which is identical to _____); cells are found toward ____ of islet

A

somatostatin; growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) from the hypothalamus
periphery

76
Q

lowers blood glucose level as it signals for an acceleration of glucose transport into cells and the conversion of the glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis).

A

insulin

77
Q

raises blood glucose level as it signals for the acceleration of the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis); this glucose is released into the blood.

A

glucagon

78
Q

inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

A

somatostatin

79
Q

the thyroid gland has a ___ and ____, creating lobules

A

fibrous capsule; septa

80
Q

the thyroid gland contains ____

A

thyroid follicles

81
Q

the walls of the thyroid follicles are made up by follicular cells (____ to ____) that are responsible for the production of _____

A

simple squamous; low columnar; thyroid hormones

82
Q

the thyroid hormones are ____ and ____

A
  1. thyroxine (aka tetra-iodothyronine or T4)- 4 atoms of iodine
  2. tri-iodothyronine (T3)- 3 atoms of iodine
83
Q

T3 and T4 are important for ____, ____, and control of ____ and ____ of body cells

A

growth; cell differentiation; basal metabolic rate; oxygen consumption

84
Q

the follicles contain ____ which is a gel-like mass; the main component of this substance is _____, a large iodinated glycoprotein which is an inactive form of the thyroid hormones

A

colloid; main comp of colloid is thyroglobulin

85
Q

when thyroid hormones need to be released, thyroglobulin is brought back into the ____, modified, and then released as the thyroid hormones into ____ that surround the follicles

A

follicular cells; fenestrated blood capillaries

86
Q

_____ or ____ are also found in the thyroid gland; they are larger than follicular cells and stain less intensely

A

parafollicular cells; C cells

87
Q

parafollicular cells are responsible for the production of _____

A

calcitonin (CT)

88
Q

parafollicular cells may be part of the ____ or found between the follicles

A

follicular epithelium

89
Q

calcitonin decreases the level of ____ in the blood by encouraging ____ to be deposited in bone matrix (i.e. building of bone) and responsible for inhibiting the action of ____ (cells that normally resorb or breakdown bone’s extracellular matrix).

A

calcium; calcium salts; osteoclasts

90
Q

_____ system controls the secretion of calcitonin ; ____ stimulate the secretion of CT, and ____ inhibit the secretion of CT

A

negative feedback; high blood Ca levels; low blood Ca levels

91
Q

the parathyroid glands have a surrounding ____ with ___ that enter gland

A

capsule; septa

92
Q

two types of cells located in the parathyroid glands

A
  1. chief cells

2. oxyphil cells

93
Q

chief cells produce ____; they are the most numerous of cells; small cell, round centrally located nucleus ; ____ staining and slightly ____ cytoplasm

A

parathyroid hormone (RTH); pale; acidophilic

94
Q

larger cell with very acidophilic cytoplasm; more common in older individuals; unknown function

A

oxyphil cells

95
Q

PTH ____ the level of Ca in the blood by stimulating ____ to resorb bone which releases Ca into the blood; PTH additionally acts on the ____ to slow the rate of Ca loss from the blood to the urine

A

increases; osteoclast; kidneys

96
Q

____ system controls the secretion of PTH; ____ stimulate secretion of PTH and ____inhibit PTH secretion

A

negative feedback; low blood Ca levels; high blood Ca levels

Anatomy (34 decks)

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