Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Digestive System Embryology > Flashcards

Digestive System Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

establishes the 3 germ layers of the embryo during 3rd week of development; begins with formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast

A

gastrulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

all 3 germ layers contribute to the formation of the ____

A

GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ of the neuroectoderm become neurons of the ______

A

neural crest cells; enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the mesoderm germ layer contributes to the formation of ____, _____, and _____

A

connective tissue; muscular components; peritoneal components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the endoderm contributes to ____ of GI tract and ____ of glands

A

epithelium; parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

____ covers the ventral surface of the embryo and forms the roof of the yolk sac

A

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

as a result of body folding during the 4th week, the endoderm is incorporated into the embryo to form the _____

A

primitive gut tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the specific cells of a gland or organ held together by connective tissue called the stroma

A

parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the endoderm gives rise to specific cells (parenchyma) of glands, such as ____ and the ____ and ____ cells of the ______

A

hepatocytes; exocrine; endocrine; pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the stroma of the glands of the GI tract is derived from _____

A

visceral mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

during cephalocaudal or cranial caudal folding in the ____ direction progresses, the opening of the gut tube into the yolk sac narrows until it forms a small connection called the ____

A

sagittal; vitelline (yolk sac) duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the vitelline duct is between the ____ and the ____

A

midgut; yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the vitelline (yolk sac) duct is incorporated into the ____, becomes very narrow, and degenerates with the yolk sac around 2nd-3rd months of development

A

umbilical cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the foregut extends from the ____ to _____

A

oropharyngeal membrane; liver outgrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the oropharyngeal membrane separates the ____ from the ____

A

stomodeum (primitive oral cavity, derived from ectoderm); pharynx (a part of the foregut, derived from endoderm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in the 4th week, the oropharyngeal membrane ruptures, establishing open connection between ____ and ____

A

oral cavity; primitive gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the midgut begins _____ and extends to _____

A

caudal to liver bud; proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hindgut is from _____ to _____

A

distal 1/3 of transverse colon; cloacal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the cloacal membrane separates the ____ (derived from endoderm) from the ____, which is formed by an invaginating pit lined by ectoderm

A

upper part of the anal canal (derived from endoderm);

lower part of anal canal (from ectoderm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cloacal membrane breaks down in 7th week to create the opening for the ____

A

anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

double layer of peritoneum that encloses an organ and connects it to the body wall

A

mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

thin serous membrane that lines walls of abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

organs which are completely enclosed in mesentery and connected to wall via mesentery

A

intraperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

organ that lies against posterior body wall and is covered with peritoneum on anterior surface only

A

retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the dorsal mesentery is formed via ____ meeting and fusing in the midline

A

visceral mesoderm layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the _____, ____, and the _____ are suspended from the posterior body wall via dorsal mesentery

A

caudal part of the foregut; midgut; major part of the hindgut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the dorsal mesentery extends from the _____ to the _____

A

lower end of the esophagus; cloacal region of the hindgut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

divisions of dorsal mesentery

A
  • dorsal mesogastrium (greater omentum): dorsal mesentery in region of the stomach
  • mesoduodenum: dorsal mesentery in region of duodenum
  • dorsal mesocolon: dorsal mesentery in region of the colon
  • mesentery proper: dorsal mesentery of jejunal and ileal loops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ventral mesentery is derived from the ____

A

septum transversum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

septum transversum is mesodermal tissue that gives rise to the ____ and _____

A

central tendon of diaphragm; connective tissue in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ventral mesentery exists only in region of ____, ____, and _____

A

terminal esophagus; stomach; upper part of duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

liver grows in the ____ of the septum transversum, dividing ventral mesentery into:

A

mesenchyme; lesser omentum and falciform ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

lesser omentum extends from _____, ____ and _____ to the _____

A

lower portion of esophagus; stomach; upper portion of the duodenum; liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the falciform ligament extends from ___ to ____

A

liver; ventral body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

free inferior margin of the falciform ligament; contains obliterated umbilical vein

A

round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres hepatis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

free margin of lesser omentum connecting duodenum and liver; contains portal triad

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

portal triad components

A

bile duct, portal vein, and hepatic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

opening that connects omental bursa (lesser sac) with the rest of the peritoneal cavity (greater sac)

A

epiploic foramen of winslow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

each gut region is supplied by one of the 3 major arteries off the _____

A

abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

foregut is supplied by ____, midgut is supplied by ____, and hindgut is supplied by ____

A

celiac (trunk) artery; superior mesenteric artery; inferior mesenteric artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

foregut derivatives:

A
  • esophagus
  • trachea and lung buds
  • stomach
  • duodenum (proximal to entrance of bile duct)
  • liver
  • biliary apparatus (hepatic ducts, gallbladder, bile duct)
  • pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

appears at ventral wall of foregut at about the 4th week; is initially in open communication with foregut

A

respiratory diverticulum (lung bud)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

foregut divides into _____ (ventral) and _____ (dorsal)

A

respiratory primordium; esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

upper 2/3 of esophagus contains:

A

striated muscle and vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

lower 1/3 of esophagus contains:

A

smooth muscle and splanchnic plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

when the respiratory diverticulum expands caudally, two longitudinal ridges called ______ separate it from the foregut

A

tracheoesophageal ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the tracheoesophageal ridges fuse to form the _____, thereby dividing the foregut into a dorsal portion (_____) and a ventral portion (_____)

A

tracheoesophageal septum; esophagus; trachea and lung buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

the stomach appears as ____ of _____ (4th week)

A

fusiform dilation; foregut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

stomach rotates along ____ and _____ axis

A

longitudinal; anteroposterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

stomach rotates _____ around its longitudinal axis

A

90 degrees clockwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the original left side will now face _____

A

anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the left vagus nerve will innervate the ____ of the stomach

A

anterior wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

the original right side will now face _____

A

posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

the right vagus nerve will innervate the _____

A

posterior wall of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

concurrent with stomach rotation, the original posterior wall grows faster than the original anterior portion, leading to ____ and ____

A

greater and lesser curvatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

the caudal part of the stomach, or the ____, moves upward and to the right

A

pylorus

57
Q

the cephalic part of the stomach or the _____, moves slightly downward and to the left

A

cardia

58
Q

the stomach is attached to the dorsal body wall via _____

A

dorsal mesogastrium

59
Q

rotation pulls dorsal mesogastrium to the left, creating space behind the stomach called _____

A

omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)

60
Q

appears as mesodermal proliferation between the two leaves of the dorsal mesogastrium (5th week)

A

spleen primordium

61
Q

connected to body wall in the region of the left kidney

A

lienorenal ligament

62
Q

connected to stomach

A

gastrolienal ligament

63
Q

spleen remains ____

A

intraperitoneal

64
Q

as a result of stomach rotation, the _____ bulges down and grows inferiorly

A

dorsal mesogastrium

65
Q

the dorsal mesogastrium forms a double-layered sac that extends over the ____ and _____; the layers fuse to form a single sheet that hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach called the _____

A

transverse colon; small intestine loops; greater omentum

66
Q

the duodenum is formed from the ____ and _____

A

terminal part of foregut; cephalic part of midgut

67
Q

as stomach rotates, duodenum becomes ____ and rotates to the ____

A

C-shaped loop; right

68
Q

rotation, together with rapid growth of head of ____, swings duodenum from midline to ___ side of abdomen

A

pancreas; right

69
Q

____ and ____ press against dorsal body wall and become fixed in ____ position

A

duodenum; head of pancreas; retroperitoneal

70
Q

a small portion of the duodenum, the ____, near pylorus of stomach, retains mesentery and is ____

A

duodenal cap; intraperitoneal

71
Q

_____ disappears completely except in region of pylorus of stomach

A

dorsal mesoduodenum

72
Q

during 2nd month, ___ of duodenum is ____ due to cell proliferation within its wall (called ____)

A

lumen; obliterated; “solid stage”

73
Q

lumen is ____ (becomes patent) shortly after

A

recanalized

74
Q

the duodenum is derived from ___ and ____ i.e. its blood supply comes from ____ and _____

A

foregut; midgut; celiac (trunk) artery; superior mesenteric artery

75
Q

in the middle of the 3rd week, _____ appears at the ____ as an outgrowth of the endodermal epithelium

A

liver primordium; distal end of the foregut

76
Q

this outgrowth, known as the _____ (______), consists of rapidly proliferating cells that penetrate the _____

A

liver bud (hepatic diverticulum); septum transversum

77
Q

white hepatic cells invade the septum transversum, the connection between the liver bud and foregut (duodenum) narrows, forming the _____

A

(common) bile duct

78
Q

a small ventral outgrowth is formed by the bile duct; this outgrowth gives rise to the ____ and ____

A

gallbladder; cystic duct

79
Q

the pancreas is formed by 2 buds:

A

a dorsal pancreatic bud and a ventral pancreatic bud

80
Q

the pancreatic buds originate from the ____ lining of the _____

A

endodermal; duodenum

81
Q

the ____ is within the _____ and the ____ is close to the ____

A

dorsal bud; dorsal mesentery; ventral bud; bile duct

82
Q

when the duodenum rotates to the right, the _____ also rotates to the right, moving _____

A

ventral pancreatic bud; dorsally

83
Q

the ventral bud comes to lie immediately ____ and ____ the dorsal bud

A

below; behind

84
Q

the ventral bud forms:

A

uncinate process and the inferior part of the head of the pancreas

85
Q

dorsal bud forms:

A

all other parts of the pancreas

86
Q

formed by distal part of dorsal pancreatic duct and entire ventral pancreatic duct

A

main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung)

87
Q

main pancreatic duct, together with ____, enters duodenum at _____

A

bile duct; major (duodenal) papilla

88
Q

formed by proximal part of dorsal pancreatic duct

A

accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini)

89
Q

entrance of accessory pancreatic duct

A

minor (duodenal) papilla

90
Q

In the 3rd month of fetal life, ______ develop from parenchyma & scatter throughout the pancreas

A

pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)

91
Q

_____ begins at about the 5th month

A

insulin secretion

92
Q

______ & _____ cells also develop from parenchymal cells

A

glucagon-secreting; somatostatin-secreting

93
Q

2 major roles of the pancreas

A
  1. enzymatic production and secretion (exocrine)

2. hormonal production and secretion (endocrine)

94
Q

pancreatic islets (of Langerhans) are regions containing ____/_____

A

endocrine cells; hormone-producing cells (i.e. alpha cells, beta cells, etc.)

95
Q

blood supply to midgut

A

superior mesenteric a.

96
Q

at ____, midgut communicates with yolk sac via _____

A

5 weeks; vitelline duct (yolk stalk)

97
Q

in the adult, the midgut begins just distal to the entrance of the _____ into ____

A

bile duct; duodenum

98
Q

in the adult, the midgut terminates at _____ with ____

A

junction of proximal 2/3 of transverse colon; distal 1/3

99
Q

rapid elongation of the gut and its mesentery results in formation of the _____

A

primary intestinal loop

100
Q

loop remains in contact with yolk sac via _____

A

vitelline duct (yolk stalk)

101
Q

cephalic limb becomes:

A
  • distal part of duodenum
  • jejunum
  • part of the ileum
102
Q

caudal limb becomes

A
  • lower portion of ileum
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • ascending colon
  • proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
103
Q

Development of primary intestinal loop characterized by ______, particularly of the _____

A

rapid elongation; cephalic limb

104
Q

Due to rapid growth & expansion of ____, abdominal cavity temporarily becomes _____ to contain all the _____

A

liver; too small; intestinal loops

105
Q

in the ___ week, the intestinal loops enter the extraembryonic cavity in the umbilical cord, known as _____

A

6th; physiological umbilical herniation

106
Q

As primary intestinal loop lengthens, it concurrently rotates around an axis formed by the ______

A

superior mesenteric artery

107
Q

midgut rotation is a ____

A

270 degree counterclockwise rotation (when viewed from the front)

108
Q

first 90 degrees of this rotation occurs during _____

A

umbilical herniation (about 6th week)

109
Q

remaining 180 degrees of this rotation occurs during _____ into _____

A

return of intestinal loops; abdominal cavity (10th week)

110
Q

Retraction of herniated loops occurs during the 10th week; it is not precisely known what factors are responsible for return of intestinal loops back to the abdominal cavity; however, it is thought that _____, _____, and _____ play important roles

A

regression of the mesonephric kidney; reduced growth of the liver; expansion of the abdominal cavity

111
Q

In 2%-4% of individuals, small portion of vitelline duct persists as an outpocketing of the ileum known as ______

A

Meckel diverticulum (ileal diverticulum)

112
Q

meckel diverticulum is usually ____, but may contain pancreatic tissue or gastric mucosa , which can cause ____, ____, or ____

A

ulceration; bleeding; perforation

113
Q

Both ends of vitelline duct may develop into fibrous cords, with the middle portion forming a large cyst known as a ______

A

vitelline cyst (enterocystoma)

114
Q

Intestinal loops may twist around the fibrous strands of the vitelline cyst and become _____, causing _____

A

obstructed; strangulation

115
Q

Vitelline duct remain patent over its entire length, leading to direct communication between the umbilicus and the intestinal tract; fecal discharge may be found at the umbilicus

A

vitelline fistula

116
Q

When _____ & _____ colons obtain their final positions, their mesenteries press against ____ of posterior abdominal wall

A

ascending; descending; peritoneum

117
Q

Via fusion of these layers, the ascending & descending colons are permanently anchored in a _____ position

A

retroperitoneal (secondarily retroperitoneal)

118
Q

the ____, lower end of ____, and ____ retain their free mesenteries and are _____

A

appendix; cecum; sigmoid colon; intraperitoneal

119
Q

_____ fuses with posterior wall of greater omentum, but maintains its mobility (intraperitoneal)

A

transverse mesocolon

120
Q

mesentery of jejunoileal loops

A

mesentery proper

121
Q

line of attachment of mesentery proper extends from area where duodenum becomes ____, to the _____

A

intaperitoneal; ileocecal junction

122
Q

transverse mesocolon’s line of attachment extends from ____ of ____ to _____ of _____

A

hepatic flexure; ascending colon; splenic flexure; descending colon

123
Q

hindgut gives rise to:

A
  • distal 1/3 of the transverse colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • upper part of anal canal
124
Q

endoderm of the hindgut forms ____ of the ____ and ____

A

internal lining; bladder; urethra

125
Q

hindgut supplied by ____

A

inferior mesenteric artery

126
Q

endoderm-lined cavity covered at its ventral boundary by surface ectoderm

A

cloaca

127
Q

the boundary between the endoderm and ectoderm forms the ____

A

cloacal membrane

128
Q

wedge of mesoderm that separates the region between the allantois and hindgut

A

urorectal septum

129
Q

the tip of the urorectal septum grows inferiorly toward the ____

A

cloacal membrane

130
Q

the tip of the urorectal septum divides the cloacal membrane into ____ and ____ membranes; partitions the cloaca into ____ (ventrally) and _____ (dorsally)

A

urogenital; anal; urogenital sinus; anorectal canal

131
Q

at the end of week ____, the cloacal membrane ruptures, creating anal opening for the hindgut and ventral opening for the _____

A

7; urogenital sinus

132
Q

superior 2/3 of anal canal derived from ____ of ____

A

endoderm; hindgut

133
Q

inferior 1/3 of anal canal derived from invaginating ____ around ____

A

ectoderm; proctodeum

134
Q

ectoderm in region of the ____ proliferates and invaginates to create ____

A

proctodeum; anal pit

135
Q

the cloacal membrane (now called the ____) degenerates and establishes continuity between upper and lower parts of the _____

A

anal membrane; anal canal

136
Q

junction between ____ and ____ regions of the anal canal is delineated by _____

A

endodermal; ectodermal; pectinate line

137
Q

epithelium changes from ____ to _____

A

columnar; stratified squamous epithelium

138
Q

also known as the “anal pit”; it is an ectodermally-lined pit in the terminal portion of hindgut that invaginates to form the lower 1/3 of the anal canal

A

proctodeum

139
Q

proctodeum initially separated from the rest of the anal canal by the _____, which breaks down to permit continuity between the two parts of the canal

A

anal membrane

Anatomy (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions