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Anatomy > Intro to Embryo > Flashcards

Intro to Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

40 weeks of pregnancy is measured from the _____

A

LNMP (last normal menstrual period); 280 days

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2
Q

38 weeks of pregnancy is measured from ______

A

fertilization (266 days)

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3
Q

the embryonic period spans from ____ to _____ and is ____ days

A

fertilization; 8 weeks; 56

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4
Q

the fetal period spans from the ____ to _____

A

9th week or 57th day; term or 38th week

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5
Q

initial development of all major structures and establishment of all organ systems

A

embryonic period

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6
Q

differentiation and growth of organs and tissues

A

fetal period

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7
Q

the study of abnormal development (genetic/environmental causes)

A

teratology

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8
Q

stages of mitosis

A

preprophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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9
Q

mitosis results in ___ ; 2 cells of ____ each

A

cell duplication; 2N

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10
Q

the process of the formation and development of male and female primordial germ cells (PGCs) into their specialized generative cells–gametes

A

gametogenesis

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11
Q

haploid numbers of chromosomes (23 chromosomes) is represented by ___

A

N

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12
Q

number of copies of chromosomes present in a cell nucleus

A

ploidy

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13
Q

number of copies of each unique double stranded DNA molecule is represented by ___

A

N

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14
Q

stages of meiosis I

A

preprophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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15
Q

stages of meiosis II

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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16
Q

primordial sex cells (germ cells) originate as specific cells lining the ____ or _____; they originate as large spherical cells first recognizable 24 days after fertilization

A

yolk sac; umbilical vesicle

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17
Q

PGCs are ___ and originate from the ____ of the umbilical vesicle near the origin of the allantois

A

diploid (2N); endodermal cells

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18
Q

PGCs migrate to occupy ____ and mature into ____

A

gonads; gametes (mature sex cells: spermatozoa & oocyte)

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19
Q

PGCs originate in the lining of the ____ and migrate along the ___ of the hindgut to the _____ during the 5th week of embryonic development

A

yolk sac; dorsal mesentery; gonadal ridge

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20
Q

during the 6th week the PGCs enter the underlying ____ and are incorporated into the _____; at this time the gonads of the 2 sexes are identical in appearance and are thus _____

A

mesenchyme; gonadal cords; indifferent gonads

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21
Q

process that reduces chromosomal number by 1/2; diploid to haploid 2N to N

A

gametogenesis

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22
Q

spermatogonia to sperm (begins at ____)

A

spermatogenesis; begins at puberty

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23
Q

oogonia to oocyte (begins before birth, halts, and continues at puberty)

A

oogenesis

24
Q

ovulation: beginning at puberty, cyclic ____ released from the _____

A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) + LH (luteinizing); anterior pituitary gland

25
Q

FSH triggers ____ and LH surge triggers _____

A

follicular growth; ovulation

26
Q

the mature oocyte is released from the ____ during ovulation

A

ovary

27
Q

____ of the ____ is the normal site for fertilization

A

ampulla; uterine tube

28
Q

begins after ejaculation, takes about 7 hours and is initiated by substances secreted in the uterus and uterine tubes

A

capacitation

29
Q

capacitation is required to mature the sperm allowing removal of the ____ and _____ from the surface of the sperm ____ to allow the ____ to occur

A

glycoprotein coat; seminal proteins; acrosome; acrosomal reaction

30
Q

_____ follows capacitation– increasing the activity of the sperm

A

hyperactivation

31
Q

occurs when the capacitated sperm acrosome binds to the zona pellucida (ZP3 glycoprotein)

A

acrosomal reaction

32
Q

during the acrosomal reaction, the acrosome begins to perforate in the presence of several enzymes and substances, breaking down the membranes producing aperatures; several enzymes are released, including ____ and ____ to facilitate fertilization

A

hyaluronidase; acrosin

33
Q

about 30 hours after fertilization, the zygote undergoes cleavage (mitosis) to make early embryonic cells called _____

A

blastomeres

34
Q

cell divisions result in successively smaller blastomeres that remain confined within the space available in the _____; this process is called ____

A

zona pellucida; compaction

35
Q

compaction begins at about ____ stage

A

8 cell

36
Q

3-4 days following fertilization, as the embryo is entering the uterus, the blastomere is in the ____ and is renamed the _____

A

12-32 cell stage; morula

37
Q

during the morula stage, the blastmeres start to organize into _____

A

an inner cell mass and an outer cell mass

38
Q

shortly after entering the uterus (days 4-5), the morula develops a fluid-filled cavity and is called a ______

A

blastocyst

39
Q

upon creation of the blastocyst, the _____ degenerates

A

zona pellucida

40
Q

blastocystic cavity splits blastomeres into two groups:

A

embryoblast and trophoblast

41
Q

the embryoblast is the _____ and gives rise to the _____

A

inner cell mass; embryo

42
Q

the trophoblast is _____ and becomes _____; also has ____ purpose

A

outer cell mass; extraembryonic structures (embryonic contribution to the placenta); nutritional

43
Q

On day ___, the trophoblast cells attach to the _____

A

6; endometrium(lining of uterus), on either the posterior (ideal) or anterior wall of the body of the uterus

44
Q

upon attachment, during day ___, the trophoblast differentiates into two distinct regions:

A

7; cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

45
Q

the syncytiotrophoblast is composed of cells that are ______

A

embedded in the endometrium

46
Q

the cytotrophoblast is composed of cells that are _____

A

not embedded in the endometrium; just surrounding the developing embryo

47
Q

the cytotrophoblast gives rise to _____

A

extraembryonic structures

48
Q

blastocyst implants outside normal uterine locations

A

ectopic pregnancy

49
Q

common ectopic locations:

A
  • within the uterine tubes (most common, 95-98%)
  • within the abdomen (ex: surface of the ovary, rectouterine pouch, mesentery)
  • abnormal site within the uterus (internal os, cervix)
50
Q

small cuboidal cells formed from the embryoblast

A

hypoblast

51
Q

hypoblast occurs during day ___, and will become the _____

A

7; primary endoderm

52
Q

the hypoblast sits ____ to the embryoblast

A

inferior

53
Q

3 phases of fertilization

A
  1. coronal cells
  2. acrosomal reaction
  3. plasma membranes fuse, meiosis II resumes, and metabolism of oocyte increases
54
Q

results of fertilization

A
  • haploid pronuclei fuse, forming diploid zygote
  • restoration of diploid number of chromosomes
  • determination of genetic sex
  • initiation of cleavage
55
Q

process of oogenesis

A
  • oogenesis begins before birth
  • baby is born, oogenesis is halted during prophase I
  • at puberty, oocytes finish meiosis I
  • right before egg is ovulated, oogenesis is halted again at metaphase II
  • when egg is fertilized, it finishes meiosis II in the fallopian tube

Anatomy (34 decks)

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