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Anatomy > Axial Skeleton & Body Cavities > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton & Body Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

the skeleton system consists of ____ and ____, which are two types of ____ tissue

A

bone; cartilage; connective

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2
Q

the axial skeleton is made up of the:

A

skull, ribs, and vertebrae

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3
Q

the axial skeleton comprises the ____ of the body and ____

A

supporting axis; protection of vital organs

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4
Q

all bones serve as a reservoir for ____ and ____, act as ____ on which muscle act to produce movements, and are containers for _____

A

calcium; phosphorus; levers; blood-producing cells

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5
Q

appendicular skeleton consists of:

A

clavical, scapula, humerus (upper extremity) and lower extremities

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6
Q

bones are covered by a fibrous connective tissue called _____ which can form new bone; this membrane is ____ and ______

A

periosteum; vascularized; innervated

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7
Q

joints that are encapsulated, contain articular cartilage (hyaline), a membrane that surrounds the articular space and produces a fluid to cushion and nourish the joints

A

movable, synovial joint

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8
Q

joints that lack the articular cavity and synovial membranes that we find predominately for example in the skull and vertebral column, or the junction of teeth in the jaw

A

immovable or solid joints

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9
Q

2 types of solid joints

A

fibrous and cartilaginous

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10
Q

fibrous solid joints

A

sutures, gomphosis, and syndesmosis

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11
Q

cartilaginous solid joints

A

synchondrosis and symphysis

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12
Q

the skull is comprised of ___ bones, excluding the ossicles of the ear

A

22

there are 6 ossicles in the ears altogether

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13
Q

except for the mandible, which forms the lower jaw, all bones of the skull are attached to each other by ____ which are ____ and form the _____

A

sutures; immovable; cranium

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14
Q

components associated with the face (anterior lower part of the skull)

A

viscerocranium or facial skeleton

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15
Q

upper domes portion that covers the cranial cavity containing the brain

A

calvaria

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16
Q

the vertebral column is made up of:

A 
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae)
coccyx (3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae)
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17
Q

2 primary curvatures:

A

thoracic curvature
sacral/coccygeal curvature
primary curvature is concave anteriorly

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18
Q

2 secondary curvatures:

A

cervical curvature
lumbar curvature
secondary curvature is concave posteriorly

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19
Q

____ curvature is seen on the back of the early embryo

A

primary curvature concave anteriorly

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20
Q

in the thoracic and sacral regions, curves are oriented concave anteriorly and each is known as a _____

A

kyphosis

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21
Q

in the lumbar and cervical regions, curves are oriented posteriorly and each is called a _____

A

lordosis

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22
Q

curvatures are important for ____ and ____

A

balance; weight distribution

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23
Q

primary curvature is concave _____

A

anteriorly

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24
Q

secondary curvature is concave _____

A

posteriorly

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25
Q

secondary curvatures help to bring the center of gravity into a _____ allowing better balance of body weight on the vertebral column (expending the least amount of ____ in our normal upright bipedal stance)

A

vertical line; muscular energy

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26
Q

spinous and transverse processes function

A

muscle attachment and movement

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27
Q

articular processes function

A

restricts movements

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28
Q

vertebral arch function

A

protection of the spinal cord

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29
Q

vertebral body function

A

support of body weight (the more inferior, the larger, the more weight)

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30
Q

foramen created by two bones coming together

A

intervertebral foramen

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31
Q

the intervertebral foramen are where the ____ are exiting and entering the vertebral canal

A

spinal nerves

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32
Q

hole in transverse process of cervical vertebrae

A

foramen transversarium

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33
Q

what passes through the foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae

A

vertebral artery, vein, and sympathetic nerves

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34
Q

____ are the posterior blood supply to the brain

A

paired vertebral arteries

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35
Q

a rib will articulate with the ____ and _____ of a vertebra

A

body; transverse process

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36
Q

the head of a rib articulates with ____ and _____

A

2 vertebral bodies; 1 intervertebral disc

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37
Q

the tubercle of the rib articulates with _____

A

1 transverse process

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38
Q

region of the greatest curve of the rib

A

angle of the rib

39
Q

the costal groove of the rib is formed by ___

A

intercostal vein, artery, and nerve

40
Q

the head of rib 5 articulates with _____

A

bodies of T4 and T5 vertebrae

41
Q

the tubercle of rib 5 articulates with ____

A

transverse process of T5

42
Q

in the costal groove, the ____ is the most superior and the ____ is the most inferior, and they all lie between the muscle layers

A

vein; nerve (VAN)

43
Q

atypical ribs

A

1st, 2nd, 10th-12th

44
Q

broadest, shortest, and most sharply curved of the 7 true ribs

A

1st rib

45
Q

the 1st rib has 2 grooves on the superior surface for the _____

A

subclavian vessels

46
Q

the 1st rib has 2 grooves separated by the _____ and ridge for the ____ attachment

A

scalene tubercle; scalene muscle

47
Q

thinner, less curved, and longer rib; has two facets on head for articulation with _____ vertebrae

A

2nd rib; T1 and T2

48
Q

____ ribs have only one facet on their heads

A

10th - 12th

49
Q

____ ribs are short with no necks or tubercles

A

11th- 12th

50
Q

the intervertebral discs have a central nuclear area called the _____

A

nucleus pulposus

51
Q

the ____ in the central/anterior area gives rise to the nucleus pulposus

A

notochord

52
Q

the ____ which starts as a somite, gives rise to the _____

A

sclerotome; vertebrae and ribs

53
Q

bones separated by a cavity = synovial cavity = articular cavity (moveable); assoc. with most of appendicular skeleton; contain articular cartilage (hyaline)

A

synovial joint

54
Q

bones held together by connective tissue (less moveable); assoc. more with axial skeleton

A

solid joints

55
Q

synovial joints are described based on their ____ and _____

A

shape (shape of the articular cavity); movement

56
Q

synovial joints can be ____ or _____

A

uniaxial (hinge joints); multiaxial (ball and socket joints)

57
Q

allow sliding or gliding of one bone surface over another

A

plane joints (acromioclavicular joint)

58
Q

allow movement around one axis transversely through a joint; flexion-extension

A

hinge joints (elbow or humero-ulnar joint)

59
Q

all movement around a longitudinal axis; rotation

A

pivot joints (atlanto-axial joint of C1 and C2)

60
Q

allow movement in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis: formed by 2 convex condyles articulating with concave of flat surfaces

A

bicondylar joints (knee)

61
Q

allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and limited circumduction

A

condylar/ellipsoid joint; wrist

62
Q

allow movement around two axes that are at right angles with the articular surfaces saddle shaped; {flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction}

A

saddle joints; carpometacarpal joint of thumb

63
Q

allow movement around multiple axes; {flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation}

A

ball and socket joint (hip or shoulder joint)

64
Q

____ joint is at the dens of C2 against the anterior arch of C1; allows you to rotate your head; “no” joint

A

synovial joint; atlanto-axial joint

65
Q

____ joint is the “yes” joint

A

atlanto-occipital

66
Q

joints that lack the articular cavity and synovial membranes for example those that we fine predominantly in the skull and the vertebral column, or the junction of teeth in the jaw

A

solid joints

67
Q

2 types of solid joints

A
  • fibrous

- cartilaginous

68
Q

3 types of fibrous solid joints

A

sutures, gomphoses, & syndesmoses

69
Q

2 types of cartilaginous solid joints

A

synchondroses and symphyses

70
Q

only in the skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue = sutural ligament

A

sutures

71
Q

only between teeth and adjacent bone. Short collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket

A

gomphoses

72
Q

joints in which adjacent bones are linked by a ligament (ligamentum flavum which connects admacent vertebral laminae) OR (interosseous membrane which links the radius and ulna in the forearm)

A

syndesmoses

73
Q

where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage, for example, the growth plate that occurs between the head and shaft of the developing long bones. These joints allow bone growth but eventually completely ossify

A

synchondroses

74
Q

where two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage (axial skeleton). (intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis)

A

symphyses

75
Q

connective tissue connections between muscle and bone.

A

tendon

76
Q

connective tissue connections between bones

A

ligaments

77
Q

the spine of C7 is the largest of the cervical spines and is referred to as the _____

A

vertebra prominens

78
Q

during inspiration, the diaphragm _____ and _____ and there is ____ of the abdominal muscles

A

contracts; descends; relaxation

79
Q

during expiration, the diaphragm ____ and ____ and there is ____ of the abdominal muscles

A

relaxes; ascends; contraction

80
Q

the ribs posterior attachment is ____ to its anterior attachment

A

superior

81
Q

Increased intra-abdominal pressure is important in voiding the contents of the bladder and rectum and in childbirth. . Increasing intra-abdominal pressure is often referred to as the ______. The ______ is accomplished by attempting to forcibly exhale against a closed airway.

A

valsava maneauver

82
Q

the abdominal cavity is lined by a _____, which consists of an epithelial-like single layer of cells (_____) together with a supportive layer of _____

A

peritoneum; mesothelium; connective tissue

83
Q

The peritoneum reflects off the abdominal wall to become a component of the ______ that suspend the viscera (organs).

A

mesenteries

84
Q

_____ lines the abdominal wall

A

parietal peritoneum

85
Q

_____ covers the suspended organs (viscera)

A

visceral peritoneum

86
Q

intraperitoneal structures are _____

A

suspended in mesenteries

87
Q

retroperitoneal structures are lie between the ____and _____

A

parietal peritoneum; abdominal wall

88
Q

the ____ and the ____ are retroperitoneal

A

vertebrae; kidneys

89
Q

The thoracic cavity is lined by a _____, which consists of an epithethial-like single layer of cells (the ______) together with a supportive layer of connective tissue.

A

pleura; mesothelium

90
Q

_____ lines the pleural cavities (2), each separately

A

parietal pleura

91
Q

_____ reflects from the ____ wall and onto the surface of the organs (viscera) = lungs; is adherent to the lung

A

visceral pleura; medial

92
Q

space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura is the _____ which is filled with ____ to reduce friction

A

pleural cavity; serous fluid

93
Q

the cranial cavity is lined with ____

A

meninges (dura, arachnoid, and pia)

94
Q

the bifurcation of common caroid is at about what cervical vertebrae level

A

C3/C4

Anatomy (34 decks)

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