Female Repro Histo

Question 1

the ovaries have ____ function as they produce estrogens and progestogens through steroidogenesis

Answer 1

endocrine

Question 2

promote the growth and maturation of internal and external sex organs; development of the secondary female sex characteristics; promote breast development

Answer 2

estrogens

Question 3

prepare internal sex organs (primarily uterus) for pregnancy by promoting changes in endometrium; prepare mammary glands for lactation

Answer 3

progestogens

Question 4

the ovaries have exocrine function as they produce the female gamete (i.e. ovum) through gametogenesis; specifically the ovaries produce and ovulate a _____

Answer 4

secondary oocyte

Question 5

first month of fetal development; migrate from yolk sac to gonadal primordia; divide (via mitosis) and differentiate to form the next cell (i.e. oogonia)

Answer 5

primordial germ cells

Question 6

will proliferate (via mitosis), but others also begin, at the beginning of third month, to undergo meiosis; enter the prophase of the first meiotic division and stop (arrest)

Answer 6

oogonia

Question 7

arrested oogonia at prophase of the first meiotic division

Answer 7

primary oocytes

Question 8

each primary oocyte (i.e. arrested in prophase of first meiotic division) becomes surrounded by flattened supporting cells called _____, creating what is known as a _____

Answer 8

follicular cells; primordial follicle

Question 9

by ___ month of development, most oogonia have transformed to primary oocytes

Answer 9

seventh

Question 10

beginning at the fifth month of fetal life and throughout the woman’s lifetime, primary oocytes undergo a slow degenerative process called ____, defined as spontaneous death and subsequent reabsorption

Answer 10

atresia

Question 11

only about ____ oocytes are ovulated throughout lifetime, most are lost through atresia

Answer 11

350-400

Question 12

ovarian follicles are found within the ____ of the ovaries

Answer 12

cortex

Question 13

an ovarian follicle is composed of an ____ surrounded by one or more layers of ____

Answer 13

oocyte; epithelial cells

Question 14

ovarian follicles are various sizes- size indicates the ____ of the oocyte

Answer 14

developmental state

Question 15

3 basic types of ovarian follicles

Answer 15

1. primordial follicles
2. growing follicles
3. mature or Graafian follicles

Question 16

growing follicles can be ___ or ____ follicles

Answer 16

primary; secondary (antral)

Question 17

two types of primary follicles

Answer 17

1. early or unilaminar primary follicles

2. late or multilayered or multilaminar primary follicles

Question 18

the sheath of connective tissue cells that develop from the stromal cells surrounding the developing follicle

Answer 18

theca folliculi or follicular theca

Question 19

theca folliculi found just external to the ____

Answer 19

basal lamina

Question 20

two parts of the theca folliculi

Answer 20

1. theca interna

2. theca externa

Question 21

theca interna made up of ___ secretory cells; in response to LH, these cells synthesize and secrete ____ (i.e. precursors to ____)

Answer 21

cuboidal; androgens; estrogen

Question 22

theca interna has ____ function; also has ____, collagen bundles, and lots of blood vessels

Answer 22

endocrine; fibroblasts

Question 23

theca externa has ____ outer portion, ___ muscle cells, fibroblasts, and bundles of collagen

Answer 23

fibrous; smooth

Question 24

two cells of the corpus luteum

Answer 24

1. granulosa lutein cells

2. theca lutein cells

Question 25

granulosa lutein cells undergo ____; 30 micrometers in diameter; centrally located cells derived from the ____ cells; begin to produce ____

Answer 25

hypertrophy; granulosa; progesterone

Question 26

theca lutein cells only increase slightly in size; 15 micrometers in diameter; ____ located cells derived from cells of the ____; are slightly darker staining than granulosa lutein cells; continue to produce ____

Answer 26

peripherally; theca interna; estrogens

Question 27

wall of uterine tube is folded mucosa with ____, a thick ____ (interwoven layers of smooth muscle), and ____

Answer 27

simple columnar epithelium; muscularis; serosa

Question 28

two types of cells in the uterine tubes

Answer 28

1. ciliated cells

2. secretory cells or peg cells

Question 29

secretory cells are ___ staining; apical end bulges into ____; produce ____covering epithelium

Answer 29

darker; lumen; nutritive fluid

Question 30

outermost layer of the uterus, has either adventitia or serosa

Answer 30

perimetrium

Question 31

middle layer and thickest layer of the uterus; bundles of smooth muscle separated by connective tissue containing many blood vessels; four poorly defined layers of smooth muscle

Answer 31

myometrium

Question 32

endometrium is inner layer of the uterus with ____ with both ___ and ____ cells with an underlying lamina propria; the endometrium contains ____ glands

Answer 32

simple columnar epithelium; ciliated; secretory; uterine

Question 33

2 layers of the endometrium

Answer 33

1. basal layer (stratum basale)- deeper layer

2. functional layer (stratum functionale)- superficial layer

Question 34

thickness of the ____ layer influenced by the shifting levels of ovarian hormones and majority can be sloughed away monthly as the menstrual flow

Answer 34

functional layer (stratum functionale)

Question 35

narrow end of the uterus where endometrium differs from the rest of the uterus; not sloughed during menstruation

Answer 35

cervix

Question 36

cervix contains large, branched mucous glands called _____

Answer 36

cervical glands

Question 37

there is an increase in ____ production at the cervix 10-fold to aid in ____; the cervix lacks ____

Answer 37

mucous; sperm migration; spiral arteries

Question 38

transformation zone of cervix is a ____ junction from mucus-secreting ____ of the cervical canal (and uterus) to _____ of ectocervix (i.e. the vaginal part of the cervix)

Answer 38

squamocolumnar; simple columnar epithelium; nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 39

transformation zone of cervix is a common site of _____

Answer 39

metaplastic changes

Question 40

wall of the vagina has a ____, a ____, and an ____

Answer 40

mucosa; muscular layer; adventitia

Question 41

mucosa of the vagina consists of _____

Answer 41

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 42

muscular layer of the vagina has two distinct layers of smooth muscle:

Answer 42

inner circular and outer longitudinal

Question 43

the mammary glands are modified _____ sweat glands

Answer 43

tubuloalveolar apocrine

Question 44

mammary glands involved in the production and secretion of milk; release via ___ and ____ mechanisms

Answer 44

merocrine; apocrine