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nervous system overview Flashcards

1
Q

brain is comprised of the ___, ____ and ____

A

cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem

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2
Q

CNS consists of ___ and ___ matter which is defined by the portion of the ____ most prominent in that area

A

gray; white; neuron

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3
Q

gray matter contains the ____

A

cell bodies

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4
Q

gray matter in the brain is the ___ and in the spinal cord is the ____

A

outer portion; inner portion

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5
Q

white matter contains ____ that form tracts (pathways)

A

axons

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6
Q

white matter in the brain is ____ and in the spinal cord is ____

A

inner portion; outer portion

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7
Q

spinal cord is present in ___ of the superior portion of the vertebral canal

A

2/3

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8
Q

the PNS is peripherally ____ and ____ nerves

A

cranial; spinal

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9
Q

a spinal nerve is a ___ nerve

A

mixed (mixed with different neuronal axons)

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10
Q

spinal nerves carry ___, ____ and ___ signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body

A

motor; sensory; autonomic

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11
Q

spinal cord ends about ____ vertebrae level

A

L1-L2

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12
Q

communicates with internal glands and organs

A

autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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14
Q

central nervous system made up of the ___ and ____; develops from the _____

A

brain; spinal; neural tube

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15
Q

all other NS structures that connect the CNS with the rest of the body

A

PNS

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16
Q

the PNS develops from ____ and _____

A

neural crest; CNS outgrowths

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17
Q

receives information from and responds to external world

A

somatic NS

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18
Q

somatic NS innervates structures that develop from ____

A

somites

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19
Q

innervates organ systems & its elements; detects and responds to information within body

A

visceral/autonomic NS

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20
Q

the somatic NS is ____; stimulation of the ____ results in activation of a particular action

A

excitatory; axon/nerve

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21
Q

Somatic NS is concerned with conscious sensation and response usually via _____ and contains parts of the CNS and PNS.

A

striated muscle

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22
Q

the somatic NS provides sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body except:

A

viscera, smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands

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23
Q

Visceral NS is our autonomic NS and is generally concerned with sensations of our internal body and actions via ____ and _____

A

smooth muscles; glands

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24
Q

autonomic NS provides _______ to smooth muscle, the conducting system of the heart, and glands. It also provides _______ from the viscera (pain and autonomic reflexes)

A

efferent involuntary motor innervation; afferent sensory innervation

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25
Q

groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

A

nucleus (nuclei)

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26
Q

groups of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglion (ganglia)

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27
Q

glia of the CNS

A
  • astrocyte
  • oligodendroglia
  • microglia
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28
Q

glia of the PNS

A

schwann cells (also called neurilemmal cell of schwann)

29
Q

outermost layer of thick dense connective tissue that is continuous at its outer surface with the periosteum of the skull

A

dura mater

30
Q

channels lined with endothelium within the dura which return blood from the brain to the vascular system, ultimately drained through the internal jugular vein

A

venous (dural) sinuses

31
Q

a delicate sheet of connective tissue adjacent to the inner surface of the dura

A

arachnoid mater

32
Q

the arachnoid layer extends _____, loose connective tissue with elongated fibroblasts , to the pia mater , creating a web like tissue

A

arachnoid trabeculae

33
Q

betw the dura and arachnoid layers is the _____, where cerebrospinal fluid circulates to protect and cushion the brain

A

subarachnoid space

34
Q

the innermost layer, directly adherent to the brain and spinal cord which is continuous with the perivascular connective tissue sheath of blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord

35
Q

CNS covered by 3 meninges:

A

dura, arachnoid, and pia

36
Q

loose conn. tiss. surrounding each individual nerve fiber. Not visible at LM level, but at EM level(collagen fibrils)

A

endoneurium

37
Q

specialized conn. tiss. surrounding a nerve fascicle that contributes to the formation of the blood-nerve barrier by serving as a metabolically active diffusion barrier & maintaining the ionic milieu of the ensheathed nerve fibers. (tight junctions & active transport mechanisms maintain this). (Vascularized)

A

perineurium

38
Q

dense irregular conn. Tissue surrounding and binding nerve fascicles into a common bundle of nerve fibers. Adipose is associated with epineurium in larger nerves. (Vascularized)

A

epineurium

39
Q

3 connective tissues of PNS

A

epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium

40
Q

stimulated by environmental changes or activities of other cells

41
Q

contains the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and other organelles and inclusions

42
Q

conducts nerve impulse (action potential) toward synaptic terminals

43
Q

affect other neuron or effector organs (muscle or gland)

A

terminal boutons

44
Q

neurons are made up of:

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, and terminal boutons

45
Q

left side of the brain that controls the right side of the body

A

contralateral projection or tract

46
Q

cell bodies on the right side of the brain control the right side of the body

A

ipsilateral projection/tract

47
Q

spinal nerve on one side can control either side of the body

A

bilateral projection/tract

48
Q

refers to the X-shaped crossing of nerve bundles at junctional regions

A

decussation

49
Q

two types of decussation

A 
pyramidal decussation (brain-spinal cord)
decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles (pons-midbrain)
50
Q

link between the two sides of the nervous system

A

commissure

51
Q

examples of commissures

A

anterior commissure
corpus callosum
posterior commissure

52
Q

general sensory functions

A

touch, vibration, pain, temperature, proprioception (spatial awareness)

53
Q

general sensory cell bodies in _____, developed from _____

A

dorsal root ganglion; neural crest cells

54
Q

general sensory cells special shape

A

pseudounipolar

55
Q

special sensory functions

A

vision, olfaction, audition, taste, balance & equilibrium (vestibular) (proprioception – by semicircular canals as well)

56
Q

nerves that innervate structures derived from somites (skin and most skeletal muscle or voluntary muscles); segmentally organized because of the developmental process

A

somatic efferent

57
Q

sensory segmentation of somatic efferent nerves follows ____

A

dermatomes

58
Q

motor segmentation of somatic efferent nerves follows _____

59
Q

ANS ____ component can be subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic NSs

60
Q

the sympathetic NS involves visceral motor components associated with spinal levels ____; supply/innervate _____, ____ and other viscera

A

T1 to L2(3); peripheral glands, smooth muscle

61
Q

the parasympathetic NS involves visceral motor components associated with _____; they supply/innervate _____

A

(CNs III, VII, IX, & X) and spinal levels S2 to S4; peripheral viscera

62
Q

neurons in the walls of the alimentary canal controlloing motility (contractions of the gut wall), exocrine and endocrine secretions, & blood flow thu the gastrointestinal tract, it also regulates immunological and inflammatory processes. There are parasymp. & symp connections between this system and the CNS.

A

enteric NS

63
Q

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

64
Q

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A
  • sympathetic chain

- prevertebral ganglia (via splanchnic nerve)

65
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

A
  • CNs (CNS nuclei)

- S2 to S4

66
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A
  • 4 cranial ganglia

- ganglia with organs

67
Q

are either somatic or visceral and combine fibers from different sources or levels to form new nerves with specific targets or destinations

A

nerve plexuses

68
Q

major somatic plexuses include the anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves from spinal regions:

A 
cervical = c1-c4
brachial = C5- T1
Lumbar= L1-L4
Sacral= L4-S4
coccygeal= S5-Co
69
Q

types of visceral plexuses

A

cardiac, pulmonary, prevertebral (aortic)

Anatomy (34 decks)

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