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FOO > VITAMINS & MINERALS + DIETARY REFERENCE VALUES > Flashcards

VITAMINS & MINERALS + DIETARY REFERENCE VALUES Flashcards

1
Q

DOES COMPLETE DEGRADATION OF GLUCOSE REQUIRE OXYGEN?

A

YES

GLYCOLYSIS DOESN’T REQUIRE O2 BUT THE STEPS AFTER, LEADING TO ETC DO

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2
Q

HOW MANY UNIVERSALLY RECOGNISED VITAMINS ARE THERE?

A

13

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3
Q

WHAT ARE MAJOR MINERALS?

A

MINERALS THAT ARE MACRONUTRIENTS AND ARE REQUIRED IN AMOUNTS LARGER THAN 100mg
THEY INCLUDE: SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE, CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, MAGNESIUM AND SULFUR

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4
Q

VIT A CHEMICAL NAME:

A

RETINOL

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5
Q

VIT B1 CHEMICAL NAME:

A

THIAMINE

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6
Q

VIT B5 CHEMICAL NAME?

A

PANTOTHENIC ACID

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7
Q

VIT B7 CHEMICAL NAME?

A

BIOTIN

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8
Q

VIT B9 CHEMICAL NAME:

A

FOLIC ACID

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9
Q

VIT C CHEMICAL NAME?

A

ASCORBIC ACID

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10
Q

ROLE OF VIT A:

A
  • INTEGRITY OF THE IMMUNE SYTEM

- FORMATION OF VISUAL PIGMENT RHODOPSIN IN THE ROD CELLS OF THE RETINA

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11
Q

LACK OF VIT A IS ASSOCIATED WITH?

A

IMPAIRED VISION AT NIGHT

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12
Q

PIGMENT RHODOPSIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHICH VITAMIN?

A

A

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13
Q

WHAT IS PELLAGRA?

A

DISEASE WHICH IS RESULT OF VIT B3 DEFICIENCY CHARACTERISED BY EPITHELIAL DAMAGE (INFLAMED SKIN, MOUTH SORES, DIARRHOEA) AND BRAIN DAMAGE (APATHY, CONFUSION, DEMENTIA)

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14
Q

VITAMIN B9 AND B12 ARE BOTH ESSENTIAL FOR WHICH PROCESS?

A

DNA SYNTHESIS

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15
Q

WHAT IS SCURVY?

A

VIT C DEFICIENCY, CHARACTERISED BY BLEEDING GUMS AND POOR WOUND HEALING

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16
Q

ROLES OF VIT C?

A
  • WOUND HEALING
  • COLLAGEN PRODUCTION
  • POWERFUL ANTIOXIDANT (PREVENTS ROS CAUSED DAMAGE)
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17
Q

ROLE OF VIT D AND RESULTS OF DEFICIENCY?

A
  • PROMOTES INTESTINAL CALCIUM ABSORPTION

- LACK AFFECTS BONE GROWTH AND STRENGTH

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18
Q

LACK OF VIT K CAN RESULT IN WHAT KIND OF DISORDERS?

A

BLEEDING DISORDERS

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19
Q

WHAT IS VIT K USED FOR?

A

IT IS USED BY LIVER FOR SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS INVOLVED IN BLOOD CLOTTING

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20
Q

HOW MANY ESSENTIAL MINERALS ARE THERE?

A

20

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21
Q

WHICH ARE THE ESSENTIAL VITAMINS?

A

A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C, D, E, K

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22
Q

2 CATEGORIES OF MINERALS:

A 
MAJOR MINERALS (MORE THAN 100mg/day NEEDED)
TRACE MINERALS
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23
Q

MAJOR MINERALS EXAMPLES:

A

SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE, CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, MAGNESIUM, SULFUR

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24
Q

TRACE MINERALS EXAMPLES:

A

IRON, COPPER, ZINC, SELENIUM, IODINE, CHROMIUM, FLUORIDE, MANGANESE…

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25
Q

CALCIUM FUNCTIONS:

A
  • BUILDING BONES
  • MUSCLE AND NERUON FUNCTION
  • HEART HEALTH
  • SUPPORTS SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD CELLS
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26
Q

CHLORINE FUNCTIONS:

A
  • NEEDED FOR HCl PRODUCTION
  • NERVE FUNCTION
  • CONTROLS OSMOTIC BALANCE AS IT IS ACCOMPANIED BY SODIUM
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27
Q

POTASSIUM FUNCTIONS:

A
  • MUSCLE FUNCTION (ESP CONTRACTION)

- NERVE FUNCTION AS IT IS INVOLVED IN MAINTAINING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

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28
Q

WHICH VIT DEFICIENCY CAN SOMETIMES DEVELOP EVEN WHEN PEOPLE EAT A WIDE VARIETY OF FOODS?

A

VIT D

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29
Q

MOST COMMON VIT DEFICIENCY FOR VEGANS?

A

VIT B12

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30
Q

WHICH VITAMINS CAN BE STORED IN THE BODY?

A

FAT SOLUBLE

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31
Q

WHERE ARE VIT A AND VIT D STORED?

A

LIVER AND FAT CELLS

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32
Q

DEFICIENCIES IN WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS DEVELOP WITHIN HOW MUCH TIME?

A

WEEKS TO MONTHS

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33
Q

WHICH WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN IS ACTUALLY STORED IN SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT IN THE BODY?

A

B12

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34
Q

WHERE IS VIT B12 STORED?

A

THE LIVER

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35
Q

HOW MUCH VIT B12 DOES THE BODY STORE IN THE LIVER?

A

1 TO 5 mg, WHICH IS CCA 1000-2000 TIMES AS MUCH AS THE AMOUNT TYPICALLY CONSUMED IN A DAY

36
Q

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF MANY WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS IN METABOLIC REACTIONS?

A

THEY ARE REQUIRED AS ENZYME COFACTORS

37
Q

WHAT ARE ENZYME COFACTORS?

A

NON PROTEIN MOLECULES REQUIRED TO ACTIVATE SOME ENZYMES

38
Q

EXAMPLES OF VITAMINS COTRANSPORTED WITH Na+?

A

B7 AND C

39
Q

HOW ARE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS TRANSPORTED ACROSS CELLULAR MEMBRANE?

A

WITH CARRIER PROTEINS

40
Q

HOW ARE FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS ABSORBED?

A

AT THE APICAL MEMBRANE OF THE ENTEROCYTES, PACKAGED INTO CHYLOMICRONS AND TRANSPORTED IN THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM TO THE LIVER WHERE THEY CAN BE STORED

41
Q

HOW ARE FATTY ACIDS AND MONOGLYCERIDES ABSORBED FROM THE INTESTINAL LUMEN?

A

1) THEY ARE EMULSIFIED BY BILE SALTS TO FORM MICELLES
2) THEY THEN ENTER THE EPITHELIAL CELLS TO FORM TRIGLYCERIDES
3) TRIGLYCERIDES COMBINE WITH PROTEINS INSIDE GOLGI BODY TO FORM CHYLOMICRONS
4) CHYLOMICRONS ENTER THE LYPHATIC SYSTEM AND ARE TRANSPORTED AWAY FROM THE INTESTINE

42
Q

IN WHICH PART OF THE CELL ARE THE CHYLOMICRONS FORMED?

A

GOLGI BODY

43
Q

MICELLES ARE ABSORBED BY WHICH TYPE OF TRANSPORT?

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

44
Q

WHERE DO WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS GO AFTER BEING ABSORBED BY THE MUCOSAL CELLS OF THE INTESTINE?

A

THEY DIRECTLY ENTER THE BLOOD

45
Q

ROLES OF B12:

A
  • DEVELOPMENT, MYELINATION AND FUNCTION OF THE CNS
  • HEALTHY ERYTHROCYTE FORMATION
  • DNA SYNTHESIS
  • MAJOR CO ENZYME
46
Q

WHAT ARE THE COMPOUNDS WITH VIT B12 CALLED AND WHY?

A

COBALAMINS, BECAUSE VIT B CONTAINS THE MINERAL COBALT

47
Q

WHERE IS VIT B12 ABSORBED AND IN WHICH FORM?

A

IN THE ILEUM, AS A PART OF A COMPLEX WITH THE INTRINSIC FACTOR (IR) SECRETED BY PARIETAL CELLS OF THE STOMACH

48
Q

WHICH TYPE OF TRANSPORT IS USED FOR ABSORPTION OF B12 AND IR COMPLEX IN THE ILEUM?

A

RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

49
Q

IN WHICH FORM IS VIT B12 ADDED TO FOOD AND SUPPLEMENTS?

A

FREE FORM

50
Q

ANOTHER NAME FOR VIT D:

A

CALCIFEROL

51
Q

WHAT IS RICKETS?

A

A PAINFUL CONDITION IN CHILDREN WHERE THE BONES ARE MISSHAPEN DUE TO A LACK OF CALCIUM, CAUSING BOWLEGGEDNESS

52
Q

WHAT IS OSTEOMALACIA?

A

SOFTENING OF THE BONES DEVELOPED BY THE ELDERLY WITH VIT D DEFICIENCY

53
Q

WHAT ARE THE SITES OF VIT D SYNTHESIS?

A

THE SKIN, THE LIVER, THE KIDNEYS, TARGET TISSUES (BONE, RBCs..)

54
Q

HOW MANY MAJOR MINERALS ARE THERE?

A

7

55
Q

WHERE CAN MINERALS BE ABSORBED AND WHERE DOES THE MAJORITY OF ABSORPTION TAKE PLACE?

A

CAN BE ABSORBED FROM ANY PORTION OF THE GI TRACT, BUT MAJOR SITE IS THE SMALL INTESTINE

56
Q

JUNCTIONS BETWEEN ENTEROCYTES ARE:

A

TIGHT JUNCTIONS

57
Q

3 MECHANISMS FOR MINERAL ABSORPTION?

A
  • PARACELLULAR ABSORPTION (DIFFUSION DOWN ELECTROCHEM. GRADIENT)
  • SOLVENT DRAG (MOVING WITH THE BULK FLOW OF WATER)
  • TRANSCELLULAR ABSORPTION (ALLOWS MINERALS TO MOVE ACROSS APICAL MEMBRANE, THE CELL, BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE AND INTO THE BLOOD STREAM)
58
Q

NEARLY ALL B VITAMINS ACT AS COENZYMES IN WHICH ATP PRODUCTION RELATED PROCESSES?

A

CITRIC ACID CYCLE AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

59
Q

WHICH ORGAN IS THE MOST METABOLICALLY ACTIVE?

A

THE BRAIN

60
Q

DOES VIT B SUPPLEMENTATION BOOST ENERGY?

A

NO, THE EXCESS IS JUST QUICKLY ELIMINATED THROUGH URINE. THE PERCEPTION THAT IT DOES MIGHT COME FROM HIGH LEVELS OF SUGAR AND CAFFEINE ACCOMPANYING HIGH DOSES OF B VITAMINS

61
Q

HOW DOES VIT C SUPPLEMENTATION HELP WITH COLDS?

A
  • DOESN’T REDUCE THE RISK OF COLD
  • DOESN’T HELP REDUCE COLD SYMPTOMS AFTER THEIR ONSET
  • IF SOMEONE REGULARLY TAKES VIT C THEIR COLDS MIGHT BE SHORTER AND MILDER
62
Q

SYMPTOMS OF EXCESS VIT C?

A

DIARRHEA, NAUSEA, STOMACH CRAMPS

63
Q

WHAT IS HEMOCHROMATOSIS AND OVERLOAD OF WHICH VITAMIN MIGHT MAKE IT WORSE?

A

CONDITION WHICH CAUSES THE BODY TO STORE TOO MUCH IRON

VIT C

64
Q

WHICH VITAMIN GROUP IS MORE LIKELY TO CAUSE PROBLEMS WITH EXCESSIVE USE?

A

FAT SOLUBLE

65
Q

TAKING TOO MUCH B9 (FOLATE) LEADS TO:

A

IMPAIRED MENTAL FUNCTION, NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND MASKING OF POTENTIALLY SEVERE B12 DEFICIENCY

66
Q

EVEN SEVERE B12 DEFICIENCY CAN BE MASKED WITH:

A

EXCESS B9 (FOLATE)

67
Q

WHICH FAT SOLUBLE VITAMIN HAS A LOW POTENTIAL FOR TOXICITY?

A

K

68
Q

HYPERVITAMINOSIS A SYMPTOMS:

A

NAUSEA, INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE, COMA, DEATH

69
Q

VIT K CAN NEGATIVELY REACT WITH WHICH MEDS:

A

WARFARIN (BLOOD THINNER) AND ANTIBIOTICS

70
Q

IMAPCT OF TOO HIGH VIT E DOSES:

A

INTERFERES WITH BLOOD CLOTTING, CAUSES HEMORRHAGES, LEADS TO HEMORRHAGIC STROKE

71
Q

WHAT ARE DIETARY REFERENCE VALUES?

A

QUANTITATIVE GUIDELINES FOR DIFFERENT POPULATION SUBGROUPS FOR ESSENTIAL MACRO- AND MICRO-NUTRIENTS TO PREVENT NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES

72
Q

WHAT ARE DIETARY GOALS?

A

QUANTITATIVE NATIONAL TARGETS FOR SPECIFIC MACRO AND MICRO NUTRIENTS AIMED AT PREVENTING LONG-TERM CHRONIC DISEASE,
USUALLY AIMED AT POPULATION LEVEL

73
Q

WHAT ARE DIETARY GUIDELINES?

A

BROAD TARGETS AIMED AT THE INDIVIDUAL TO PROMOTE NUTRITIONAL WELL-BEING, CAN BE EXPRESSED QUANTITATIVELY OR QUALITATIVELY

74
Q

WHICH ORGANISATION PUBLISHED THE DIETARY REFERENCE VALUES IN THE UK AND WHEN + WHAT HAS THAT ORGANISATION BEEN REPLACED WITH?

A

COMMITTEE ON MEDICAL ASPECTS OF FOOD AND NUTRITION POLICY (COMA), 1991
COMA HAS BEEN REPLACED BY SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION (SCAN)

75
Q

4 KEY COMPONENTS OF DIETARY REFERENCE VALUES?

A
  • ESTIMATED AVERAGE REQUIREMENTS
  • REFERENCE NUTRIENT INTAKES
  • LOWER REFERENCE NUTRIENT INTAKES
  • SAFE INTAKE
76
Q

AT WHICH AGE DO VITAMIN AND MINERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS START TO DIFFER?

A

11

77
Q

WHEN DO WOMEN AND MEN START HAVING THE SAME IRON REQUIREMENTS?

A

AFTER WOMEN REACH MENOPAUSE

78
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF DAILY FOOD ENERGY SHOULD COME FROM CARBS?

A

50

79
Q

FREE SUGARS SHOULD NOT CONTRIBUTE TO MORE THAN HOW MUCH OF DAILY FOOD ENERGY?

A

5%

80
Q

TOTAL FAT SHOULDN’T EXCEED HOW MUCH OF THE TOTAL DAILY ENERGY?

A

35%

81
Q

SATURATED FAT SHOULDN’T EXCEED WHAT PERCENTAGE OF DAILY ENERGY INTAKE?

A

11% (IDEALLY 5%)

82
Q

g/DAY OF DIETARY FIBRE NEEDED?

A

30

83
Q

g OF SALT PER DAY?

A

LESS THAN 6

84
Q

PROTEIN RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE:

A

0.75g PER KG OF BODY WEIGHT (CCA 55g for a 70kg adult)

85
Q

ADOLESCENTS HAVE HIGHER REQUIREMENTS THAN ADULTS AND CHILDREN FOR WHICH MINERAL?

A

CALCIUM

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