EXERCISE VS DIET, THE PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
CVD SYSTEM DURING EXERCISE?
- BLOOD VESSELS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE DILATED TO DELIVER MORE BLOOD
- LOCAL BLOOD FLOW IS INCREASED
- TO MAINTAIN BP, THE BLOOD VESSELS TO OTHER ORGANS SUCH AS KIDNEYS AND THE GI TRACT ARE CONSTRICTED SO THE BLOOD IS SHUNTED AWAY FROM THESE ORGANS AND MADE AVAILABLE FOR THE EXERCISING MUSCLES
- HEAT GENERATED BY INCREASED MUSCLE METABOLISM ALSO DILATES BLOOD VESSELS IN THE WORKING MUSCLES
- HEART RATE IS INCREASED
WHAT DOES THE TERM ‘INTEGUMENTARY REFER TO’?
EXTERNAL LAYER/ BODY SURFACE
EXPLAIN WHY PHYSIOLOGY IS A HOLISTIC DISCIPLINE?
BECAUSE IT STUDIES THE WAYS IN WHICH THE WHOLE BODY FUNCTIONS IN HEALTH, DOES NOT SIMPLY STUDY EACH SYSTEM OF THE BODY. INDIVIDUALS COMPONENTS ARE INTIMATELY INTERCONNECTED AND FULLY UNDERSTANDABLE ONLY BY REFERENCE TO THE BODY AS A WHOLE
WHAT IS THE AIM OF AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC EXERCISES?
AEROBIC: INCREASE OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY
ANAEROBIC: INCREASE SKELETAL MUSCLE STRENGTH AND MASS
EXAMPLES OF ANAEROBIC EXERCISES?
WEIGHT LIFTING
FAST AND SHORT RUN (SPRINT)
EXAMPLES OF AEROBIC EXERCISES?
WALKING, RUNNING, CYCLING, SWIMMING…
ARE THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE AND THE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC?
AEROBIC
DO FATTY ACIDS OR GLUCOSE PRODUCE ATP FASTER?
GLUCOSE
WHY DOES GLUCOSE PRODUCE ATP FASTER THAN FATTY ACIDS?
BECAUSE THE GLYCOLYSIS OCCURS IN CYTOPLASM AND FATTY ACIDS NEEDS TO BE CONVERTED TO ACYL CoA TO ENTER THE MITOCHONDRIA WHERE THE BETA OXIDATION WILL TAKE PLACE
HOW MANY ATP MOLECULES WILL FATTY ACIDS PRODUCE?
CCA 460 (DEPENDING ON THE LENGTH OF THE CARBON CHAIN AND THE EFFICIENCY OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE)
HOW MANY ATP MOLECULES CAN GLUCOSE PRODUCE IN THE CYTOPLASM?
2
HOW MANY ATP MOLECULES IN TOTAL WILL GLUCOSE BREAKDOWN CREATE?
AROUND 38
2 FROM GLYCOLYSIS, 2 FROM CITRIC ACID CYCLE AND 34 FROM ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
HOW MANY ATP MOLECULES COME FROM CITRIC ACID CYCLE FOLLOWING GLYCOLYSIS?
2
WHERE ARE ATP MOLECULES SPENT DURING GLYCOLYSIS AND WHERE ARE THEY PRODUCED?
SPENT:
1) GLUCOSE TO G-6-P (HEXOKINASE, 1 ATP MOLECULE USED)
2) G-6-P TO FRUCTOSE 1,6 BIPHOSPHATE ( gp6 to fp6 by isomerase first, then f6p to f16bp by PFK 1, 1 ATP MOLECULE USED)
PRODUCED:
IN STEPS FROM F-1,6-bP TO PYRUVATE, 4 ATP MOLECULES PRODUCED
WHEN AND HOW DOES NADH PRODUCTION OCCUR DURING GLYCOLYSIS AND HOW MANY NADH MOLECULES ARE PRODUCED?
PRODUCTION OF 2 NADH FROM NAD+ DURING THE CONVERSION OF FRUCTOSE 1,6 BIPHOSPHATE TO PYRUVATE (VIA INTERMEDIATE STEPS)
IS THERE CO2 PRODUCTION DURING GLYCOLYSIS?
NO
IS THERE CO2 PRODUCTION DURING CITRIC ACID CYCLE?
YES
ARE THERE ATP STORES IN MUSCLE? IF SO, HOW BIG ARE THEY?
ATP IS STORED IN SMALL AMOUNTS; TO LAST 4 TO 6 SECONDS OF EXERCISE
MUSCLE ATP STORAGE LASTS HOW LONG DURING EXERCISE?
4-6 SECS
WHAT IS THE ONLY ENERGY SOURCE USED DIRECTLY FOR CONTRACTILE ACTIVITIES?
ATP
3 WAYS IN WHICH MUSCLE CELLS CAN PRODUCE ATP?
1) DIRECT PHOSPHORYLATION
2) ANAEROBIC PATHWAY
3) AEROBIC PATHWAY
DESCRIBE HOW MUSCLES CREATE ATP THROUGH DIRECT PHOSPHORYLATION?
- CELLS WILL USE CREATINE PHOSPHATE (PHOSPHOCREATINE) TO QUICKLY REPLENISH THE ATP STORES (ESP DURING ANAEROBIC EXERCISE)
- CREATINE PHOSPHATE IS ALSO A HIGH ENERGY MOLECULE BECAUSE OF THE PHOSPHATE BOND
- IT WILL CONVERT ADP TO ATP
- CREATINE IS FORMED DURING THIS PROCESS AND IT CAN ACCUMULATE IN THE MUSCLE
AMOUNT OF CREATINE STORED IN THE BODY IS HOW MUCH HIGHER THAN THE AMOUNT OF ATP?
MORE THAN 2 TIMES HIGHER
IS CREATINE KINASE AN EFFICIENT ENZYME FOR REPLENISHING ATP?
YES
WHAT IS THE METHOD FOR MUSCLE TO CREATE ATP INDEPENDENT OF NUTRIENTS LIKE GLUCOSE AND FATTY ACIDS?
DIRECT PHOSPHORYLATION OF ADP BY CREATINE KINASE
WHEN IS CREATINE PHOSPHATE REGENERATED IN THE BODY?
WHEN MUSCLES ARE AT REST
MUSCLE ATP STORES AS WELL AS CREATINE PHOSPHATE STORES PROVIDE POWER FOR WHAT DURATION OF EXERCISE?
A FEW SECONDS
WHEN ATP AND CREATINE PHOSPHATE STORES ARE EXHAUSTED, HOW WILL MUSCLE GENERATE MORE ATP?
BY BREAKING DOWN GLUCOSE FROM FOOD OR MUSCLE’S OWN GLYCOGEN STORES
- GLYCOLYSIS WILL GIVE 2 ATP MOLECULES
- ORDINARILY THE PYRUVATE PRODUCED WILL ENTER MITOCHONDRIA AND PRODUCE MORE ATP
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS IN MUSCLES; EXPLAIN:
- WHEN MUSCLES CONTRACT VIGOROUSLY AND CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY REACHES ABOUT 70% OF THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE THE BULGING MUSCLES COMPRESS THE BLOOD VESSELS WITH THEM IMPAIRING BLOOD FLOW AND OXYGEN DELIVERY
- UNDER THESE ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS, MOST PYRUVATE IS CONVERTED INTO LACTATE (OR LACTIC ACID)
WHAT IS THE END PRODUCT OF CELLULAR METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE DURING OXYGEN DEFICIT?
LACTATE
WHAT HAPPENS TO LACTATE PRODUCED IN MUSCLES DURING INTENSE EXERCISE?
- HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF LACTATE ARE TOXIC TO MUSCLE AND MAY LEAD TO CRAMPS
- LACTATE DIFFUSES OUT OF THE MUSCLE INTO THE BLOOD STREAM
- THE LIVER (AND KIDNEYS) WILL PICK IT UP AND USE AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY BUT ALSO WILL RECONVERT IT INTO PYRUVATE OR GLUCOSE AND THEN RELEASE THEM BACK INTO THE BLOOD STREAM FOR MUSCLE USE
WHAT IS THE CYCLE THAT INVOLVES UPTAKE OF LACTATE BY LIVER, CONVERSION INTO PYRUVATE AND GLUCOSE AND RELEASE BACK INTO THE BLOODSTREAM FOR THE PERIPHERAL TISSUES TO USE CALLED?
THE CORI CYCLE
APART FROM DURING INTENSE EXERCISE, IN WHICH OTHER SITUATION CAN CORI CYCLE OCCUR?
DURING LONG FASTING
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF ATP COMES FROM AEROBIC PRODUCTION OF ATP (AEROBIC RESPIRATION) DURING LIGHT TO MODERATE EXERCISE?
95%
AEROBIC RESPIRATION NORMALLY USES WHICH SUBSTRATES FOR ATP?
GLUCOSE AND FATTY ACIDS
WHAT IS PRODUCED DURING AEROBIC RESPIRATION?
LARGE AMOUNTS OF ATP, CO2, H2O AND HEAT
WHAT ARE THE DOWNSIDES TO AEROBIC RESPIRATION?
IT IS SLOW,REQUIRES A CONTINUOUS DELIVERY OF OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS
ATP STORED IN MUSCLES IS USED IN HOW MANY SECONDS DURING HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE?
6
ATP FORMED FROM CREATINE PHOSPHATE WILL BE USED BY WHICH SECOND OF HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE?
10TH
THE ONLY REASON WHY MUSCLE WOULD CREATE ATP VIA ANAEROBIC PATHWAY IS?
LACK OF SUFFICIENT OXYGEN SUPPLY
WHAT IS AEROBIC ENDURANCE?
THE LENGTH OF TIME A MUSCLE CAN CONTINUE TO CONTRACT USING AEROBIC PATHWAYS
WHAT IS ANAEROBIC TRESHOLD?
THE POINT AT WHICH MUSCLE METABOLISM CONVERTS TO ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
WHAT IS MUSCLES’ PREFERRED SUBSTRATE AT REST AND WHAT DURING MODERATE ACTIVITY?
REST; FATTY ACIDS
MODERATE ACTIVITY; GLUCOSE
MAXIMAL EFFORT EXERCISES WHICH LAST ONLY A FEW SECONDS RELY ON WHICH ATP SOURCE?
ATP-PC; CREATINE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
UP TO HOW LONG CAN MUSCLE RELY ON ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS?
2MINS
DOES THE ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS PATHWAY INVOLVE MITOCHONDRIA?
NO
HOW MANY CALS PER DAY DOES AN AVERAGE PERSON USE?
1500-3500
% OF OVERWEIGHT ADULTS IN ENGLAND IN 2019:
64%
% OF OBESE AND MORBIDLY OBESE ADULTS IN ENGLAND?
28% OBESE
3% MORBIDLY OBESE
WHY HAS MODERATE-INTENSITY CONTINUOUS TRAINING (MICT) TRADITIONALLY BEEN USED FOR REDUCING BODY FAT INSTEAD OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING (HIIT)?
BECAUSE IT INCREASES THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FAT OXIDATION, WHILE HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE CAN ONLY BE MAINTAINED BY GLYCOGEN
NEW RESEARCH IS SHOWING THAT SHORT TERM HIIT MIGHT HAVE SIMILAR EFFECTS ON BODY FAT REDUCTION AS MICT. WHAT ARE SOME OF THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS?
- HIIT IS PORMOTING THE USE OF FATTY ACIDS IN MUSCLE AFTER EXERCISING
- HIIT IS INCREASING LIPOLYSIS
. HIIT DECREASES VISCERAL FAT MASS
WHAT ARE INCREASES IN MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE ASSOCIATED WITH?
STRENGTH —> MUSCLE MASS
ENDURANCE —-> IMPROVED BLOOD FLOW TO THE WORKING MUSCLES
WHAT TYPE OF TRAINING HAS THE BEST RESULTS IN TERMS OF INCREASING MUSCLE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE?
RESISTANCE TRAINING
WHAT IS FLEXIBILITY DEFINED AS?
THE RANGE OF MOTION AT A JOINT
WHAT IS THE BASIC UNIT OF CONTRACTION IN THE MUSCLE FIBER?
SARCOMERE
STRETCHING OF A MUSCLE FIBER BEGINS WITH?
SARCOMERE
DOES NUMBER OF ERYTHROCYTES CHANGE WITH EXERCISE?
YES, IT INCREASES
