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FOO > ADIPOSE TISSUE BIOLOGY > Flashcards

ADIPOSE TISSUE BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

WHICH FACTOR IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS IS CRITICAL FOR DETERMINING HOW SUSCEPTIBLE THEY ARE OR WILL BE TO DEVELOPING COMORBIDITIES LIKE TD2 AND CVD?

A

FAT DISTRIBUTION

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2
Q

ROLES OF ADIPOSE TISSUE:

A
  • ACCUMULATES TRIGLYCERIDES (LIPOGENESIS)
  • RELEASES FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL WHEN NEEDED (LIPOLYSIS)
  • INSULATION AND PROTECTION (CUSHIONING FOR ORGANS)
  • SECRETORY FUNCTION (E.G. ENZYME ADIPSIN)
  • ENDOCRINE FUNCTION (E.G. LEPTIN)
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3
Q

APART ON HYPOTHALAMUS, LEPTIN HAS EFFECTS ON WHICH OTHER BRAIN AREA?

A

HIPPOCAMPUS; INVOLVED IN MEMORY REGULATION AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

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4
Q

HOW MANY ADIPOKINES ARE THERE?

A

MORE THAN 600

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE LARGEST ENDOCRINE TISSUE OF THE BODY?

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE

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6
Q

FIRST ADIPOKINE DESCRIBED?

A

ADIPSIN

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7
Q

OTHER NAMES FOR ADIPSIN + ROLE?

A

AKA COMPLEMENT FACTOR D
IT IS A SERINE PROTEASE; SPLITS PEPTIDE BONDS IN PROTEINS
+ HAS PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES FOR BETA CELLS

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8
Q

WHAT ARE SERINE PROTEASES?

A

ENZYMES THAT BREAK PEPTIDE BONDS IN PROTEINS

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9
Q

ADIPOKINES EXAMPLES:

A

ADIPSIN, ADIPONECTIN, RESISTIN, VISFATIN, FGF21, LEPTIN, RBP4..

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10
Q

APART FROM BEING RELEASED BY THE ADIPOSE TISSUE, FGF21 AND RBP4 ARE ALSO RELEASED BY WHICH ORGAN?

A

LIVER

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11
Q

ADIPONECTIN?

A

AN ADIPOKINE THAT HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN BODY’S RESPONSE TO INSULIN, HIGH LEVELS PROTECT AGAINST CVD

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12
Q

FGF21 ADIPOKINE HAS A ROLE IN BODY’S ABILITY TO ADAPT TO CONDITIONS LIKE:

A

COLD AND STARVATION

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13
Q

ROLE OF ADIPOKINE RBP4?

A
  • BINDS AND TRANSPORTS VIT A IN THE LIVER

- INCREASES LIPOLYSIS

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14
Q

DOES THE ADIPOKINE VISFATIN HAVE HYPOGLYCEMIC OR HYPERGLYCEMIC EFFECTS?

A

HYPOG.

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15
Q

WHICH OTHER GROUP OF MOLECULES DOES ADIPOSE TISSUE RELEASE APART FROM ADIPOKINES AND WHAT IS THEIR ROLE?

A

EXOSOMES; SMALL VESICLES THOUGH TO MEDIATE CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION BY TRANSFERRING ACTIVE PROTEINS AND miRNA (DIRECTLY REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION) STABLY

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16
Q

ADIPOSE TISSUE IS INVOLVED IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH RELEASE OF WHICH MOLECULES?

A

EXOSOMES

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17
Q

% OF KCAL COMING FROM FAT IN A ‘HIGH FAT DIET’?

A

60%

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18
Q

WHAT IS LIPODYSTROPHY?

A
  • LACK OF ADIPOSE TISSUE, NOT AS A RESULT OF STARVATION BUT LACK OF ADIPOCYTES THEMSELVES (ABSENCE OF TISSUE)
  • IN HUMANS COMPLETE LACK OF ADIPOSE TISSUE IS RARE, PARTIAL LACK POSSIBLE
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19
Q

COMMON FEATURES OF LIPODYSTROPHIES?

A
  • LOSS OR LACK OF FAT IN SOME PARTS OF THE BODY
  • REDISTRIBUTION OF FAT IN OTHER LOCATIONS (OFTEN UPPER BODY AND BELLY AREA)
  • INCREASED VISCERAL FAT
  • INSULIN RESISTANCE
  • FATTY LIVER
20
Q

WHAT IS A SIGN OF LIPID ACCUMULATION IN THE LIVER?

A

WHITISH COLOUR INSTEAD OF BRIGHT RED

21
Q

PATIENTS UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR WHICH CONDITION OFTEN SUFFER LIPODYSTROPHY, ESP VISIBLE ON THE FACE?

A

HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS ON RETRO-VIRAL THERAPIES

22
Q

IMPORTANCE OF A/ZIP MOUSE?

A
  • HAD A MUTATION IN C/EBPalpha PROTEIN WHICH IS IMPORTANT FOR ADIPOSE TISSUE DEVELOPMENT
  • HAD NO FAT AND A HUGE FATTY LIVER
  • SPARKED INTEREST AROUND DANGEROUS OF LACK OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
  • SYMPTOMS IMPROVED WITH INJECTIONS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
23
Q

FAT REMOVAL OR RELOCATION (E.G. LIPOSUCTION, IN OBESITY) AND INSULIN RESISTANCE LINK?

A
  • RESEARCH NOT CONCLUSIVE
  • SLIGHT INCREASE IN INSULIN RESISTANCE POST LIPOSUCTION BUT CAN BE PREVENTED BY EXERCISE
  • REMOVING FAT FROM MORBIDLY OBESE IN GENERAL DOES HELP
24
Q

WHEN TALKING ABOUT FAT MASS, WE ARE MAINLY REFERRING TO WHICH TYPE OF ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A

WHITE

25
Q

CATEGORIES OF ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A

BY COLOUR; WHITE, BROWN, BEIGE, PINK

26
Q

WHICH ADIPOSE TISSUE TYPE IS LARGEST IN VOLUME?

A

WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE

27
Q

WHERE DOES THE BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE GET ITS COLOUR FROM?

A

A HUGE NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA

28
Q

BEIGE ADIPOSE TISSUE LOCATION AND CHARACTERISTICS?

A

MOSTLY DEVELOPS WITHIN WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND SHARES CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH WHITE AND BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE

29
Q

PINK ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A
  • ARISES FROM WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE IN FEMALE MICE DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
  • ADAPTED INTO A SORT OF EPITHELIAL CELL, VERY SPECIALISED
  • INVOLVED IN MILK PRODUCTION
30
Q

ADIPOCYTE STRUCTURE IN WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A
  • BIG CELLS, HAVE AN ENORMOUS LIPID DROPLET THAT TAKES MOST OF THE SPACE AND SHOVES THE NUCLEUS TO THE SIDE OF THE CELL
31
Q

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A

STORAGE, SECRETION AND PRODUCTION OF ADIPOKINES WHICH SUPPORT THE ROLE OF THE WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE AS AN ENDOCRINE ORGAN

32
Q

STRUCTURE OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A
  • CONTAINS FAT DROPLETS, BUT MUCH SMALLER THAN WHITE AT
  • INNERVATED BY THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • HAS A LOT OF MITOCHONDRIA
33
Q

WHICH CHARACTERISTICS OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE SUGGEST THAT IT BURNS FAT MORE THAN IT STORES IT?

A
  • LARGE AMOUNT OF MITOCHRONDRIA
  • EXPRESSES A PROTEIN UCP1 (UNCOUPLING PROTEIN 1)
  • SPECIALISES IN NON SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS
34
Q

ROLE OF UCP1 (UNCOUPLING PROTEIN 1) IN BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A
  • USES A LARGE AMOUNT OF PROTON GRADIENT PRODUCED BY NADH OXIDATION
  • UNCOUPLES THE USE OF GRADIENT FROM THE ATP PRODUCTION SO IT CAN BE USED TO GENERATE HEAT WITHOUT MUSCLE CONTRACTION
35
Q

WHICH ORGANISMS HAVE BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A

ALL MAMMALS

36
Q

HOW IS NON SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS ACTIVATED IN BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A

BY STRESS SIGNALS (COLD, LOW TEMPS) VIA SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM (E.G. NORADRENALINE)

37
Q

% OF BABY’S BODY WEIGHT THAT IS BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A

5%

38
Q

WHERE IS BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE LOCATED IN BABIES?

A

IN THE UPPER BODY (BACK AND SHOULDERS)

39
Q

ROLE OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE IN BABIES?

A
  • THEY DO NOT REGULATE HEAT WELL BECAUSE THEY HAVE IMMATURE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND A LARGE HEAD THAT LOSES THEM A LOT OF HEAT
  • THEY DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH MUSCLE TO SHIVER EFFECTIVELY
  • NEED BAT TO KEEP WARM
40
Q

WHEN BAT (BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE) IS STIMULATED BY COLDER TEMP (E.G. 16 DEGREES) IN ADULTS, IT WILL HELP BURN ADDITIONAL HOW MANY CALORIES IN A DAY?

A

15-25kcal

41
Q

HOW MANY GRAMS OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE IS THERE IN ADULT HUMAN MALES?

A

50-60 g (0.08% BODY WEIGHT)

42
Q

BEIGE ADIPOSE TISSUE IS ALSO CALLED:

A

BRITE ADIPOSE TISSUE

43
Q

DOES BEIGE ADIPOSE TISSUE HAVE UCP1?

A

YES

44
Q

WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE CHANGES ITS PROPERTIES AND BECOMES BEIGE IN RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL CUES IN A PROCESS CALLED:

A

‘BROWNING OF THE WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE’

45
Q

BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE IN ADULTS WAS DISCOVERED THROUGH WHICH TECHNIQUE?

A

positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) scans

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