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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

HOW LONG IS THE GI TRACT OF A HEALTHY ADULT?

A

9m

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2
Q

WHAT ARE THE SUPPORTING ORGANS OF THE GI TRACT?

A

SALIVARY GLANDS, LIVER, GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS

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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE GI TRACT?

A

MOUTH, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE

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4
Q

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE?

A

DUODENUM (stomach exit), JEJUNUM, ILEUM

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5
Q

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE?

A

CECEUM, ASCENDING COLON, TRANSVERSE COLON, DESCENDING COLON, RECTUM, ANUS

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE LAYERS THAT LINE ALL PARTS OF THE GI TRACT EXCEPT FOR THE MOUTH CALLED?

A

THE MUCOSA, THE SUBMUCOSA, THE MUSCULARIS PROPRIA, THE SEROSA

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7
Q

IN WHICH LAYER OF THE GI TRACT DOES THE ABSORPTIVE FUNCTION OCCUR?

A

THE MUCOSA

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8
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE MUCOSA?

A

Single epithelial layer (inner layer facing the lumen made out of cells called enterocytes) attached to the lamina propria (connective tissue and lymph nodes) underneath which is the muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle cells)

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9
Q

WHAT TYPES OF CELLS DOES SUBMUCOSA CONTAIN?

A

INFLAMMATORY CELLS, AUTONOMOUS NERVE FIBERS AND GANGLION CELLS

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10
Q

WHAT DO THE GANGLION CELLS OF THE SUBMUCOSA DO?

A

CONTROL MUSCLE MOVEMENTS OF THE GI TRACT

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11
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO LAYERS OF MUSCULARIS PROPRIA?

A

2 layers made out of smooth muscle cells:

  • circualr (inner)
  • longitudinal (outer)
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12
Q

HOW DOES MUSCULARIS PROPRIA PROPEL FOOD THROUGH THE GUT?

A

BY CONTRACTILE PERISTALTIC MECHANISMS WHICH ARE CONTROLLED BY THE MYENTERIC PLEXUS

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13
Q

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SEROSA?

A

TO PROTECT THE GI TRACT FROM EXTERNAL AGGRESSIONS

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14
Q

DURING HUMAN EMBRYOGENESIS, WHEN DOES ESOPHAGUS DEVELOP?

A

AT 8-10 WEEKS

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15
Q

MUSCULARIS PROPRIA OF WHICH GI ORGAN IS THE ONLY ONE WHICH HAS BOTH SMOOTH AND STRIATED MUSCLES?

A

ESOPHAGUS

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE ESOPHAGEAL SEROSA CALLED?

A

ADVENTIA

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17
Q

HOW DOES ESOPHAGUS ENSURE ITS UNI-DIRECTIONAL FUNCTION?

A
  • it has 2 sphincters (1st one stops the food from getting into trachea, the second one prevents stomach reflux)
  • it generates peristaltic movements (reflex contractions of longitudinal and circular muscles)
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18
Q

WHAT IS CHYME?

A

SEMI LIQUID FLUID IN THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE

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19
Q

WHAT IS BOLUS?

A

CHEWED FOOD IN THE MOMENT OF SWALLOWING

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20
Q

WHAT IS FECES?

A

SEMI SOLID SUBSTANCE IN THE LARGE INTESTINE

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21
Q

PERISTALTIC REFLEX IS ALSO CALLED THE…

A

MYENTERIC REFLEX

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22
Q

WHICH PART OF NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS THE MYENTERIC/PERISTALTIC REFLEX?

A

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, REGULATED BY THE ANS

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23
Q

DOES PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM INCREASE OR INHIBIT PERISTALSIS?

A

IT INCREASES PERISTALSIS

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24
Q

PERISTALTIC REFLEX IS A COMBINATION OF WHICH TWO SEGMENTS AND WHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS?

A

PROPULSIVE SEGMENT (constriction of the lumen and propulsion of the bolus) & RECEIVING SEGMENT (expansion of the lumen to receive the moving bolus)

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25
Q

WHEN DOES STOMACH DEVELOP DURING HUMAN EMBRYOGENESIS?

A

FROM 13 TO 39 WEEKS, BUT REGIONS PRESENT AT 14 WEEKS

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26
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE SPHINCTER THAT CONNECTS THE STOMACH AND DUODENUM?

A

PYLORIC SPHINCTER

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27
Q

ONE EXAMPLE OF STOMACH’S ENDOCRINE FUNCTION:

A

SECRETION OF HOROME GHRELIN WHICH REGULATES FOOD INTAKE

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28
Q

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF HCl SECRETION:

A

IT IS NECESSARY TO BREAK DOWN SECONDARY AND TERTIARY PROTEINS, TO KILL PATHOGENS AND TO ACTIVATE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES (e.g. PEPSINOGEN INTO PEPSIN)

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29
Q

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SOMATOSTATIN IN THE GI SYSTEM?

A

IT REGULATES ACID PRODUCTION, REGULATES GLUCOSE LEVELS…

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30
Q

WHICH TYPES OF CELLS DO GASTRIC GLANDS IN THE MUCOSA CONSIST OF?

A

PARIETAL CELLS, NECK CELLS, PIT CELLS, CHIEF (ZYMOGENIC) CELLS AND ENDOCRINE CELLS

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31
Q

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CHIEF (ZYMOGENIC) CELLS?

A

SECRETION OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES (E.G. PEPSINOGEN, GASTRIC LIPASE AND AMYLASE)

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32
Q

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF NECK CELLS?

A

SECRETION OF BICARBONATE TO BUFFER THE pH

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33
Q

WHICH CELLS IN THE GASTRIC GLANDS IN THE MUCOSA PRODUCE HCl?

A

PARIETAL CELLS

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34
Q

WHAT IS THE STOMACH pH AT REST AND WHAT AFTER A MEAL?

A

4-5 AT REST, 1.5-3.5 AFTER A MEAL

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35
Q

MEALS HIGH IN WHICH OF THE MAIN NUTRIENTS REQUIRE A LOWER pH?

A

PROTEIN

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36
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF CARBS ARE DIGESTED IN THE MOUTH?

A

5%

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37
Q

WHAT ARE AUTOANTIBODIES?

A

ANTIBODIES WHICH ATTACK OUR OWN BODY

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38
Q

WHAT DO EXCITATORY AND WHAT DO INHIBITORY MOTOR NEURONS RELEASE IN THE GI TRACT?

A

EXC: Ach and Substance P (induces contraction)
INH: NO and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) (induces relaxation)

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39
Q

WHEN THE BOLUS INDUCES A MECHANICAL STRETCH IN THE GUT WALL IT STIMULATES SECRETION OF WHAT FROM THE EPITHELIAL CELLS?

A

SEROTONIN (5HT)

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40
Q

WHAT DOES SEROTONIN DO IN THE GUT?

A

IT ACTIVATES SENSORY AFFERENT NEURONS OF THE MYENTERIC PLEXUS AND IT ALSO INHIBITS ITS OWN PRODUCTION IN THE EPITHELIUM (SO THERE AREN’T CONTINUOUS MOVEMENTS IN THE GUT EVEN WHEN THERE IS NO FOOD)

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41
Q

WHAT KIND OF STRUCTURES DOES THE MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM FORM AND WHAT ARE THEY CALLED?

A

FINGER-LIKE STRUCTURES, VILLI

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42
Q

WHICH PART OF THE GI TRACT DOES THE PERISTALTIC REFLEX START IN AND UP UNTIL WHICH POINT DOES IT CONTINUE?

A

STARTS IN THE ESOPHAGUS AND CONTINUES IN EVERY PART OF THE GI TRACT

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43
Q

HOW LONG IS THE SMALL INTESTINE?

A

7m

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44
Q

IN WHICH PART OF THE SMALL INTESTINE ARE ALL THE NUTRIENTS IN ITS FINAL FORM AND THE DIGESTION IS ALMOST COMPLETED?

45
Q

HOW LONG IS THE DUODENUM?

46
Q

THE DUODENUM ENCIRCLES WHICH ORGAN?

A

THE PANCREAS

47
Q

PANCREATIC JUICE FROM THE PANCREAS AND THE BILE JUICE FROM THE GALLBLADDER ARE DELIVERED TO WHICH PART OF THE SMALL INTESTINE?

48
Q

HOW MUCH OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IS JEJENUM?

49
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN SITES OF ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE?

A

JEJENUM AND ILEUM

50
Q

WHAT IS MESENTERY AND WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION?

A

IT IS A CONNECTING MEMBRANE BETWEEN THE SMALL INTESTINE AND THE ABDOMINAL WALLS. IT PROVIDES INSULATION (FAT) AND BLOOD SUPPLY!!!

51
Q

HOW DOES BLOOD ENTER THE SMALL INTESTINE?

A

THROUGH ABDOMINAL AORTA (MESENTERIC ARTERY + HEPATIC ARTERY)

52
Q

HOW DOES BLOOD LEAVE THE SMALL INTESTINE AND WHERE IS IT DRAINED TO?

A

VIA SUPERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN, DRAINS INTO THE LIVER

53
Q

CONTRACTIONS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE GRADUALLY DECREASE IN WHICH DIRECTION?

A

FROM THE DUODENUM TO THE ILEUM

54
Q

HOW BIG IS THE ABSORPTIVE SURFACE OF THE SMALL INTESTINE?

55
Q

SMALL INTESTINE DIAMETER?

56
Q

WHAT ARE PLICAE CIRCULARES AND WHAT ARE THEY MADE OF?

A

THE MUCOSA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IS ARRANGED IN PLICAE CIRCULARES, WHICH ARE CONCENTRIC FOLDS (5-6cm LONG, 3mm THICK), MADE OUT OF VILLI.

57
Q

WHERE ARE THE PLICAE CIRCULARES THE LARGEST AND WHERE DO THEY DISAPPEAR?

A

LARGEST IN THE BOTTOM HALF OF THE DUODENUM, MISSING IN THE LAST PART OF ILEUM

58
Q

HOW MANY PLICAE CIRCULARIS ARE THERE IN THE SMALL INTESTINE?

59
Q

WHAT IS THE SIZE OF INTESTINAL VILLUS (VILLI)?

60
Q

HOW ARE THE ENTEROCYTES IN THE SMALL INTESTINE CONNECTED?

A

WITH TIGHT JUNCTIONS

61
Q

WHAT IS THE APICAL MEMBRANE OF ENTEROCYTES COVERED WITH?

A

MICROVILLI (CALLED THE BRUSH BORDER)

62
Q

THE APICAL MEMBRANE OF ENTEROCYTES FACES THE LUMEN. WHAT DOES THE BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE FACE?

A

THE BLOOD VESSELS (HEPATIC VEIN) AND THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

63
Q

WHAT IS THE APICAL MEMBRANE OF THE ENTEROCYTES COVERED WITH?

A

LITTLE PROJECTIONS CALLED MICROVILLI THAT FORM THE BRUSH BORDER

64
Q

HOW DO MONOMERS TRAVEL FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE INTO THE BLOODSTREAM?

A

THE ENZYMES LOCATED AT THE BRUSH BORDER WILL BREAK DOWN NUTRIENTS INTO THEIR FINAL MONOMERS. THE APICAL MEMBRANE CONTAINS TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TO GET THE MONOMERS INSIDE THE ENTEROCYTES. THEY WILL THEN EXIT BY THE BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE AND INTO THE BLOOD.

65
Q

WHAT ARE GOBLET CELLS?

A

A COMPONENT OF THE VILLUS, THEY SECRETE MUCIN; THE MAIN COMPONENT OF THE PROTECTIVE MUCUS

66
Q

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE CRYPT STRUCTURE ON THE VILLI?

A

IT CONTAINS STEM CELLS FOR THE RENEWAL OF ENTEROCYTES

67
Q

WHAT IS THE PROBABLE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF PANETH ON THE VILLUS?

A

THEY CONTAIN LYZOSOME AND Ig, SO THEY MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE FUNCTION OF THE INTESTINE

68
Q

HOW LONG IS THE COLON?

69
Q

WHAT IS THE DIAMETER OF THE COLON?

70
Q

ARE ENTEROCYTES POLARIZED OR UNPOLARIZED CELLS?

71
Q

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE LUMEN OF THE COLON AND THE SMALL INTESTINE?

A

SIMILARITIES - BOTH HAVE CRYPTS, MUCUS GLANDS AND GOBLET CELLS
DIFFERENCE - THE COLON HAS NO VILLI

72
Q

THE DIGESTION OCCURRING IN THE COLON IS PERFORMED BY? WHAT IS THE PRODUCT OF THIS DIGESTION?

A

GUT BACTERIA THAT DEGRADE FIBERS FOR THEIR OWN ENERGY PRODUCTION. THERE ARE SOME SUBSTANCES PRODUCED DURING THAT PROCESS SOME SUBSTANCES ARE ALSO PRODUCED, LIKE SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS THAT ARE IMPORTANT FOR HEALTHY GUT FUNCTION.

73
Q

HOW DOES BLOOD ENTER THE LARGE INTESTINE?

A

VIA MESENTERIC ARTERIES (+INTERNAL ILEAC ARTERY)

74
Q

HOW DOES BLOOD LEAVE THE LARGE INTESTINE?

A

VIA THE MESENTERIC VEINS JOINING THE PORTAL VEIN

75
Q

WHEN DOES THE MOTILITY START IN THE COLON?

A

AS SOON AS THE FOOD IS IN OUR MOUTH

76
Q

APART FROM MASTICATION (CHEWING), WHAT ELSE STIMULATES THE COLON MOTILITY?

A

HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE SMALL INTESTINE AND THE STOMACH, LIKE GHRELIN AND CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)

77
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF CCK?

A

Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile into the intestine. It also stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and may induce satiety.

78
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN ROLES OF THE COLON?

A
  • WATER REABSORPTION
  • MAINTAINING OSMOLARITY; REABSORB ELECTROLYTES (like Na+ and Cl-)
  • STORING OF FECAL MATERIAL
79
Q

WHAT IS THE VOLUME OF THE CHYME ENTERING THE COLON AND WHICH VOLUME IS IT REDUCED TO?

A

1.5-2L UPON ENTRANCE, REDUCED TO 150ml

80
Q

WHICH ENZYME IN THE SALIVA STARTS BREAKING DOWN STARCH?

81
Q

WHAT DOES SALIVA CONSIST OF?

A

WATER, ELECTROLYTES, DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, ANTIMICROBIAL ENZYMES AND PAIN KILLER AGENTS

82
Q

CAN CARBOHYDRATES BE DIGESTED EVEN IF THE SALIVARY GLANDS ARE NOT WORKING PROPERLY AND WHY?

A

YES BECAUSE THERE ARE OTHER AMYLASES ALONG THE GI TRACT, BUT THE DIGESTION WILL BE INCOMPLETE.

83
Q

CAN CARBOHYDRATES BE DIGESTED EVEN IF THE SALIVARY GLANDS ARE NOT WORKING PROPERLY AND WHY?

A

YES BECAUSE THERE ARE OTHER AMYLASES ALONG THE GI TRACT, BUT THE DIGESTION WILL BE INCOMPLETE.

84
Q

WHAT IS THE TRANSITIONAL AREA BETWEEN THE MOUTH AND THE ESOPHAGUS CALLED?

85
Q

WHAT IS AT THE END OF PHARYNX?

A

EPIGLOTTIS

86
Q

WHY DOES THE EPIGLOTTIS CLOSE DURING SWALLOWING?

A

TO BLOCK THE AIRWAY/ STOP THE FOOD FROM GOING INTO THE TRACHEA

87
Q

WHICH ORGAN IS THE SITE OF CARB, PROTEIN AND FAT METABOLISM?

88
Q

WHAT GIVES THE YELLOWISH COLOUR TO THE BILE SECRETED BY THE LIVER?

89
Q

WHERE DOES BILIRUBIN COME FROM?

A

FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF ERYTHROCYTES

90
Q

WHERE IS BILE STORED AFTER THE LIVER MAKES IT?

A

THE GALLBLADDER

91
Q

WHAT IS LIVER’S WEIGHT, THICKNESS AND HOW IS IT DIVIDED (STRUCTURE)?

A

UP TO 1.6KG, 13cm thick, DIVIDED INTO 2 LOBES AND ORGANIZED INTO LOBULES THAT ARE MADE OUT OF SPECIALIZED CELLS HEPATOCYTES

92
Q

WHAT ARE THE IMMUNE CELLS IN THE LIVER CALLED?

A

KUPFFER CELLS

93
Q

WHICH CELL TYPE REPRESENTS 80% OF THE LIVER VOLUME AND CAN REGENERATE?

A

HEPATOCYTES

94
Q

HOW DOES BLOOD GET INTO THE LIVER

A

BLOOD FROM THE HEART COMES VIA THE HEPATIC ARTERY AND BLOOD FROM ORGANS (PANCREAS, SPLEEN, STOMACH, SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES) COMES VIA THE PORTAL VEIN (WHICH DIVIDES INTO PARTS GOING TO EACH OF THE HEPATIC LOBES)

95
Q

HOW DOES BLOOD LEAVE THE LIVER?

A

VIA HEPATIC VEIN WHICH MERGES WITH VENA CAVA WHICH THEN GOES TO THE HEART

96
Q

WHAT DO HEPATOCYTES SYNTHESIZE?

A

CHOLESTEROL AND PRIMARY BILE ACIDS (WHICH DERIVE FROM CHOLESTEROL)

97
Q

WHAT IS THE VOLUME OF THE GALLBLADDER?

98
Q

HOW MUCH OF PRIMARY BILE DOES THE LIVER MAKE DAILY?

99
Q

WHICH COMPONENTS ARE REABSORBED FROM THE BILE IN THE GALLBLADDER?

A

WATER, CHLORIDE AND BICARBONATE

100
Q

WHAT IS BILE’S MAIN FUNCTION AND HOW DOES IT DO IT?

A

TO EMULSIFY LIPIDS. BILE FORMS MICELLES WITH THE LIPIDS AND THIS WILL HELP LIPASE TO BREAK THEM DOWN.

101
Q

WHAT IS BILE’S COMPOSITION?

A

MOSTLY WATER AND BILE ACIDS (SALTS), AND ALSO BILIRUBIN, CHOLESTEROL AND LECITHIN

102
Q

HOW AND WHERE ARE THE SECONDARY BILE ACIDS MADE?

A

THEY ARE MADE IN THE INTESTINE BY THE GUT BACTERIA

103
Q

WHERE DO THE SECONDARY BILE ACIDS GO AFTER THEY’VE BEEN MADE IN THE INTESTINE?

A

THEY GO TO THE LIVER WHERE THEY ARE RECYCLED AND STORED IN THE GALL BLADDER AGAIN

104
Q

WHEN THE PANCREATIC DUCT AND THE COMMON BILE DUCT MERGE, THEIR CONTENTS ENTER THE DUODENUM BY:

A

THE DUODENAL PAPILLA

105
Q

WHICH CELLS REPRESENT 95% OF ALL PANCREATIC CELLS AND WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION?

A

ACINAR CELLS, HAVE AN EXOCRINE FUNCTION; PRODUCE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

106
Q

WHAT ARE ZYMOGENS?

A

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES PRODUCED BY THE ACINAR CELLS OF THE PANCREAS IN THEIR INACTIVE/PRECURSOR FORM BEFORE SECRETION

107
Q

WHICH HORMONES REGULATE ENZYME SECRETION FROM THE PANCREAS?

A

GASTRIN, Ach, VIP

108
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME OF ENDOCRINE PANCREATIC CELLS AND WHAT ARE THEIR TYPES & FUNCTIONS?

A

ISLET CELLS: ALPHA (SECRETE GLUCAGON), BETA (INSULIN) AND DELTA (SOMATOSTATIN)

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