HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION IN THE 21ST CENTURY Flashcards
AFTER DECADES OF STEADY DECLINE, THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM HUNGER STARTED SLOWLY INCREASING AGAIN IN WHICH YEAR:
2015
HOW MANY PEOPLE ACROSS THE WORLD ARE HUNGRY?
AROUND 800 MILLION (10%)
IN THE LAST 5 YEARS, THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE SUFFERING OF HUNGER INCREASED BY HOW MUCH?
60 MILLION
THE GLOBAL HUNGER CRISIS DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTS WHICH GROUP?
CHILDREN
PERCENTAGE OF STUNTED VS WASTED VS OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN?
22%, 7% AND 6%
BETWEEN STUNTING, WASTING AND OVERWEIGHT, WHICH CATEGORY AFFECTS THE MOST CHILDREN?
STUNTING
THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN WITH STUNTING IS DECREASING IN ALL REGIONS EXCEPT FOR:
AFRICA
HOW IS HUNGER DEFINED?
A PERSON’S INABILITY TO ACQUIRE ENOUGH FOOD TO MEET DAILY MINIMUM DIETARY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS DURING 1 YEAR
UNDERNUTRITION REFERS TO CHRONIC CALORIE DEFICIENCY, CONSUMING LESS THAN HOW MUCH CALORIES PER DAY?
1000
MATERNAL UNDERWEIGHT REFERS TO?
BMI OF LESS THAN 18.5 AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE
IS CHILD WASTING RELATED TO WEIGHT FOR HEIGHT OR WEIGHT FOR AGE?
WEIGHT FOR HEIGHT
WHAT IS THE GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX AND HOW IS IT CALCULATED?
GHI IS A SCORE THAT DETERMINES HUNGER ISSUES OF A COUNTRY
IT IS CALCULATED BY 3 FACTORS:
- AVERAGING THE PERCENTAGE OF UNDERNOURISHED POPULATION
- PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 5 WHO ARE UNDERWEIGHT
- PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN DYING BEFORE THEY TURN 5
WHICH GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX SCORE INDICATES EXTREMELY ALARMING HUNGER ISSUES, AND WHICH INDICATES ALARMING HUNGER ISSUES?
EXTREMELY ALARMING: >30
ALARMING: 20-30
WHAT ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF RISING HUNGER IN LMICs?
POVERTY
CONFLICT
CLIMATE CHANGE
GLOBAL PANDEMIC
SMALL FARMERS PRODUCE WHAT PERCENTAGE OF GLOBAL FOOD SUPPLY?
CCA 70%
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE FACING UNDERNOURISHMENT LIVE IN COUNTRIES AFFECTED BY CONFLICT, VIOLENCE OR FRAGILITY?
MORE THAN 50%
WHAT DOES TERM ‘HIDDEN HUNGER’ REFER TO?
MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES; FORM OF UNDERNUTRITION THAT OCCURS WHEN THE QUALITY OF FOOD THAT PEOPLE EAT DOES NOT MEET THEIR NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
HOW MANY CHILD DEATHS DO MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES CAUSE?
1.1-3.1 MILLION
HOW MANY PEOPLE IN THE WORLD ARE AFFECTED BY HIDDEN HUNGER?
250 MILLION
WHAT DOES ‘TRIPLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION’ REFER TO AND WHICH COUNTRIES IS IT MOST PROMINENT IN?
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, A PHENOMENON DESCRIBING COEXISTANCE OF UNDERNOURISHMENT, MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES AND OBESITY
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF HIDDEN HUNGER?
- MEAL COMPOSITION (DIET BASED MOSTLY ON STAPLE CROPS, LIKE IN E.G. AFRICA)
- AFFORDABILITY (MICRONUTRIENT POOR FOOD CHEAPER)
- INFECTIONS (CAN IMPAIR ABSORPTION AND DIGESTION)
- MALABSORPTION OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS (E.G. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS TAKEN WITHOUT DIETARY FAT, ALCOHOL INTERFERES WITH MICRONUTRIENT ABSORPTION
LIST AND SOME ROLES OF FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS?
A: VISION, REPRODUCTION, BONE HEALTH, IMMUNE SYSTEM, SKIN
D: BONE STRENGTH, CALCIUM ABSORPTION, IMMUNE SYSTEM
E: IMMUNE SYSTEM, FLUSHES TOXINS
K: BLOOD CLOTTING, BONE HEALTH
2 SDGs DIRECTLY RELATED TO MALNUTRITION AND HEALTH:
2: ‘ZERO HUNGER’; END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
3: ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES
HOW MANY SDGs ARE THERE AND HOW MANY TARGETS IN TOTAL?
17 GOALS, 169 TARGETS
WHO’s 6 TARGETS FOR IMPROVING NUTRITION FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN?
- 40% REDUCTION IN NUMBER OF CHILDREN THAT ARE STUNTED
- 50% REDUCTION OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE
- 30% REDUCTION IN LOW BIRTH AGE
- NO INCREASE IN CHILDHOOD OVERWEIGHT
- INCREASE RATE OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING FOR THE FIRST 6 MONTHS TO AT LEAST 50%
- REDUCE AND MAINTAIN CHILDHOOD WASTING TO LESS THAN 5%
WHAT IS FAMINE?
ACUTE EPISODE OF EXTREME HUNGER THAT RESULTS IN EXCESS MORTALITY DUE TO STARVATION OR HUNGER-INDUCED DISEASES. THE ‘CRISIS ASPECT’ DIFFERENTIATES IT FROM PERSISTENT MALNUTRITION
ACUTE MALNUTRITION IS ALSO KNOWN AS:
WASTING
CHRONIC MALNUTRITION IS ALSO KNOWN AS:
STUNTING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHRONIC AND ACUTE MALNUTRITION?
ACUTE: OCCURS DUE TO SEVERE NUTRITIONAL RESTRICTIONS, A RECENT ILLNESS, INAPPROPRIATE CHILDCARE PRACTICES OR A COMBINATION OF THOSE (CHARACTERISTICS ARE EXTREME WEIGHT LOSS, POTENTIAL OEDEMA, DEATH..)
CHRONIC: REFLECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF LONG STANDING NUTRITIONAL DEPRIVATION ON A CHILD’S POTENTIAL GROWTH OVER TIME (IT CAN BE OUTCOME OF ACUTE INFECTIONS OR MALNUTRITION, STRONG EFFECTS ON ORGAN GROWTH, OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT)
MARASMUS AND KWASHIORKOR ARE EXAMPLES OF ACUTE OR CHRONIC MALNUTRITION?
ACUTE
BMI OVER WHICH CENTILE SUGGESTS OVERWEIGHT AND WHICH SUGGESTS CLINICALLY OBESE?
OVERWEIGHT: ABOVE 91ST
OBESE: ABOVE 98TH
WHAT IS CATCH UP GROWTH?
Compensatory growth, known as catch-up growth and compensatory gain, is an accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed development, particularly as a result of nutrient deprivation.
CAN PREDISPOSE A PERSON TO DEVELOP OBESITY, T2D AND CVD IN LATER LIFE
MOST COMMON MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN ADULTS WITH SUSTAINED HEAVY ALCOHOL USE?
B1 (THIAMINE), B6 (PYRIDOXINE) and FOLATE
