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FOO > HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION IN THE 21ST CENTURY > Flashcards

HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION IN THE 21ST CENTURY Flashcards

1
Q

AFTER DECADES OF STEADY DECLINE, THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM HUNGER STARTED SLOWLY INCREASING AGAIN IN WHICH YEAR:

A

2015

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2
Q

HOW MANY PEOPLE ACROSS THE WORLD ARE HUNGRY?

A

AROUND 800 MILLION (10%)

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3
Q

IN THE LAST 5 YEARS, THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE SUFFERING OF HUNGER INCREASED BY HOW MUCH?

A

60 MILLION

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4
Q

THE GLOBAL HUNGER CRISIS DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTS WHICH GROUP?

A

CHILDREN

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5
Q

PERCENTAGE OF STUNTED VS WASTED VS OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN?

A

22%, 7% AND 6%

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6
Q

BETWEEN STUNTING, WASTING AND OVERWEIGHT, WHICH CATEGORY AFFECTS THE MOST CHILDREN?

A

STUNTING

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7
Q

THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN WITH STUNTING IS DECREASING IN ALL REGIONS EXCEPT FOR:

A

AFRICA

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8
Q

HOW IS HUNGER DEFINED?

A

A PERSON’S INABILITY TO ACQUIRE ENOUGH FOOD TO MEET DAILY MINIMUM DIETARY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS DURING 1 YEAR

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9
Q

UNDERNUTRITION REFERS TO CHRONIC CALORIE DEFICIENCY, CONSUMING LESS THAN HOW MUCH CALORIES PER DAY?

A

1000

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10
Q

MATERNAL UNDERWEIGHT REFERS TO?

A

BMI OF LESS THAN 18.5 AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE

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11
Q

IS CHILD WASTING RELATED TO WEIGHT FOR HEIGHT OR WEIGHT FOR AGE?

A

WEIGHT FOR HEIGHT

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12
Q

WHAT IS THE GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX AND HOW IS IT CALCULATED?

A

GHI IS A SCORE THAT DETERMINES HUNGER ISSUES OF A COUNTRY
IT IS CALCULATED BY 3 FACTORS:
- AVERAGING THE PERCENTAGE OF UNDERNOURISHED POPULATION
- PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 5 WHO ARE UNDERWEIGHT
- PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN DYING BEFORE THEY TURN 5

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13
Q

WHICH GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX SCORE INDICATES EXTREMELY ALARMING HUNGER ISSUES, AND WHICH INDICATES ALARMING HUNGER ISSUES?

A

EXTREMELY ALARMING: >30

ALARMING: 20-30

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF RISING HUNGER IN LMICs?

A

POVERTY
CONFLICT
CLIMATE CHANGE
GLOBAL PANDEMIC

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15
Q

SMALL FARMERS PRODUCE WHAT PERCENTAGE OF GLOBAL FOOD SUPPLY?

A

CCA 70%

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16
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE FACING UNDERNOURISHMENT LIVE IN COUNTRIES AFFECTED BY CONFLICT, VIOLENCE OR FRAGILITY?

A

MORE THAN 50%

17
Q

WHAT DOES TERM ‘HIDDEN HUNGER’ REFER TO?

A

MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES; FORM OF UNDERNUTRITION THAT OCCURS WHEN THE QUALITY OF FOOD THAT PEOPLE EAT DOES NOT MEET THEIR NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

18
Q

HOW MANY CHILD DEATHS DO MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES CAUSE?

A

1.1-3.1 MILLION

19
Q

HOW MANY PEOPLE IN THE WORLD ARE AFFECTED BY HIDDEN HUNGER?

A

250 MILLION

20
Q

WHAT DOES ‘TRIPLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION’ REFER TO AND WHICH COUNTRIES IS IT MOST PROMINENT IN?

A

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, A PHENOMENON DESCRIBING COEXISTANCE OF UNDERNOURISHMENT, MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES AND OBESITY

21
Q

POSSIBLE CAUSES OF HIDDEN HUNGER?

A
  • MEAL COMPOSITION (DIET BASED MOSTLY ON STAPLE CROPS, LIKE IN E.G. AFRICA)
  • AFFORDABILITY (MICRONUTRIENT POOR FOOD CHEAPER)
  • INFECTIONS (CAN IMPAIR ABSORPTION AND DIGESTION)
  • MALABSORPTION OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS (E.G. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS TAKEN WITHOUT DIETARY FAT, ALCOHOL INTERFERES WITH MICRONUTRIENT ABSORPTION
22
Q

LIST AND SOME ROLES OF FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS?

A

A: VISION, REPRODUCTION, BONE HEALTH, IMMUNE SYSTEM, SKIN
D: BONE STRENGTH, CALCIUM ABSORPTION, IMMUNE SYSTEM
E: IMMUNE SYSTEM, FLUSHES TOXINS
K: BLOOD CLOTTING, BONE HEALTH

23
Q

2 SDGs DIRECTLY RELATED TO MALNUTRITION AND HEALTH:

A

2: ‘ZERO HUNGER’; END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
3: ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES

24
Q

HOW MANY SDGs ARE THERE AND HOW MANY TARGETS IN TOTAL?

A

17 GOALS, 169 TARGETS

25
Q

WHO’s 6 TARGETS FOR IMPROVING NUTRITION FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN?

A
  • 40% REDUCTION IN NUMBER OF CHILDREN THAT ARE STUNTED
  • 50% REDUCTION OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE
  • 30% REDUCTION IN LOW BIRTH AGE
  • NO INCREASE IN CHILDHOOD OVERWEIGHT
  • INCREASE RATE OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING FOR THE FIRST 6 MONTHS TO AT LEAST 50%
  • REDUCE AND MAINTAIN CHILDHOOD WASTING TO LESS THAN 5%
26
Q

WHAT IS FAMINE?

A

ACUTE EPISODE OF EXTREME HUNGER THAT RESULTS IN EXCESS MORTALITY DUE TO STARVATION OR HUNGER-INDUCED DISEASES. THE ‘CRISIS ASPECT’ DIFFERENTIATES IT FROM PERSISTENT MALNUTRITION

27
Q

ACUTE MALNUTRITION IS ALSO KNOWN AS:

A

WASTING

28
Q

CHRONIC MALNUTRITION IS ALSO KNOWN AS:

A

STUNTING

29
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHRONIC AND ACUTE MALNUTRITION?

A

ACUTE: OCCURS DUE TO SEVERE NUTRITIONAL RESTRICTIONS, A RECENT ILLNESS, INAPPROPRIATE CHILDCARE PRACTICES OR A COMBINATION OF THOSE (CHARACTERISTICS ARE EXTREME WEIGHT LOSS, POTENTIAL OEDEMA, DEATH..)
CHRONIC: REFLECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF LONG STANDING NUTRITIONAL DEPRIVATION ON A CHILD’S POTENTIAL GROWTH OVER TIME (IT CAN BE OUTCOME OF ACUTE INFECTIONS OR MALNUTRITION, STRONG EFFECTS ON ORGAN GROWTH, OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT)

30
Q

MARASMUS AND KWASHIORKOR ARE EXAMPLES OF ACUTE OR CHRONIC MALNUTRITION?

A

ACUTE

31
Q

BMI OVER WHICH CENTILE SUGGESTS OVERWEIGHT AND WHICH SUGGESTS CLINICALLY OBESE?

A

OVERWEIGHT: ABOVE 91ST
OBESE: ABOVE 98TH

32
Q

WHAT IS CATCH UP GROWTH?

A

Compensatory growth, known as catch-up growth and compensatory gain, is an accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed development, particularly as a result of nutrient deprivation.
CAN PREDISPOSE A PERSON TO DEVELOP OBESITY, T2D AND CVD IN LATER LIFE

33
Q

MOST COMMON MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN ADULTS WITH SUSTAINED HEAVY ALCOHOL USE?

A

B1 (THIAMINE), B6 (PYRIDOXINE) and FOLATE

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