DOUBLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION, HEALTH ECON PERSPECTIVE

Question 1

WHAT IS THE ‘UN DECADE OF ACTION ON NUTRITION’?

Answer 1

RESOLUTION TO END ALL FORMS OF MALNUTRITION AND END HUNGER GLOBALLY IN THE PERIOD FROM 2016-2025

Question 2

1 IN HOW MANY PEOPLE GLOBALLY SUFFER FROM AT LEAST ONE FORM OF MALNUTRITION?

Answer 2

1/3

Question 3

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS OF CHILDREN UNDER 5 ARE RELATED TO UNDERNUTRITION?

Answer 3

45%

Question 4

ARE THERE MORE OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT ADULTS?

Answer 4

OVERWEIGHT

Question 5

WHAT ARE THE 3 MAJOR AREAS IN WHICH THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF DOUBLE BURDEN OF NUTRITION (DBN) MANIFESTS?

Answer 5

LOWER PRODUCTIVITY, HEALTHCARE COSTS, EDUCATIONAL INEFFICIENCIES

Question 6

WHY ARE ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS CONDUCTED?

Answer 6

TO HELP UTILIZE SCARCE RESOURCES IN AN EFFICIENT WAY

Question 7

WHAT ARE ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS?

Answer 7

!!!THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION IN TERMS OF BOTH THEIR COSTS AND BENEFITS!!!!
ORGANISED CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT RESOURCES AND HOW THEY CAN BE UTILIZED BY DECISION MAKERS
THEY ARE CONCERNED WITH INPUTS AND OUTPUTS, I.E. COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES
4 TYPES

Question 8

WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF ECON EVALUATION?

Answer 8

COST BENEFIT, COST EFFECTIVENESS, COST UTILITY AND COST MINIMISATION ANALYSIS

Question 9

IN WHICH TERMS ARE THE BENEFITS VALUED IN COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS?

Answer 9

MONETARY TERMS

Question 10

IN WHICH TERMS ARE THE BENEFITS VALUED IN COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS?

Answer 10

NATURAL UNITS (E.G. NUMBER OF HEART ATTACKS PREVENTED)

Question 11

IN WHICH TERMS ARE THE BENEFITS VALUED IN COST UTILITY ANALYSIS?

Answer 11

IN QALYs

Question 12

IN WHICH TERMS ARE THE BENEFITS VALUED IN COST MINIMISATION ANALYSIS?

Answer 12

IN TERMS OF LEAST EXPENSIVE INTERVENTION WHICH PRODUCES THE SAME BENEFIT

Question 13

WHY ARE THERE NO ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS OF DOUBLE BURDEN OF NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS, WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES?

Answer 13

COVERS BOTH OBESITY AND UNDERNUTRITION WHICH HAVE DIFFERENT OUTCOMES, FALL IN DIFFERENT ADVOCACY GROUPS WHICH AREN’T NECESSARILY CONCERNED BY EACH OTHERS, THERE ARE DIFFERENT METHODS USED FOR MEASURING DIFFERENT FORMS OF MALNUTRITION, IF DONE SEPARATELY FOR THE TWO EXTREMES OF MALNUTRITION THE ECONOMIC EVALUATION WON’T ACCOUNT FOR THEIR INTERACTIONS, THERE ARE LIMITED PREVIOUS MODELLING STUDIES FOR NUTRITION, SCARCE DATA

Question 14

WHICH OUTCOME MEASURE FOR COST UTILITY ANALYSIS IS RECOMMENDED BY NICE AND WHICH BY WHO AND WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

Answer 14

WHO - DALYs (LIFE YEARS LOST TO PREMATURE DISABILITY AND MORTALITY)
NICE - QALYs (LOST YEARS OF PERFECTLY GOOD HEALTH)

Question 15

WHAT IS DECISION MODELLING?

Answer 15

• SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO DECISION MAKING UNDER UNCERTAINTY
• REPRESENTS A SIMPLER VERSION OF THE REAL WORLD
• USES SIMPLE EQUATIONS TO DETERMINE CONSEQUENCES IN TERMS OF COST AND EFFECT
• REQUIRED BY NICE FOR APPROVAL OF MOST MEDS
• CAN BE USED TO CONDUCT EE OF DBN

Question 16

WHAT ARE THE MAIN 2 TYPES OF MODELS IN DECISION MAKING?

Answer 16

DECISION TREE AND MARKOV MODEL

Question 17

WHICH MODEL OF DECISION MODELLING IS USED IN CHRONIC DISEASE?

Answer 17

MARKOV MODEL

Question 18

ADVANTAGES OF DECISION MODELLING?

Answer 18

• ALLOWS COMPARISON OF MANY INTERVENTIONS WHERE DIRECT EVIDENCE DOESN’T EXIST
• CAN UTILIZE MULTIPLE SOURCES OF EVIDENCE FOR DECISION MAKING
• YOU CAN EXTENDED THE FOLLOW UP FREELY TO THE MOST APPROPRIATE POINT
• ALLOWS INCORPORATION OF UNCERTAINTY INTO DECISION MAKING

Question 19

KEY DATA BASES FOR GATHERING EVIDENCE FOR HEALTH ECONOMIC MODELLING?

Answer 19

MEDLINE, EMBASE, NHS ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS DATABASE (NHSEED)

Question 20

WHAT IS DECISION ANALYSIS?

Answer 20

QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE OUTCOMES THAT RESULT FROM A SET OF CHOICES IN A SPECIFIC CLINICAL SITUATION

Question 21

RANGE OF QALY SCORE?

Answer 21

0 TO 1