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FOO > CONTROL OF THE FOOD INTAKE > Flashcards

CONTROL OF THE FOOD INTAKE Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS FEEDING BEHAVIOUR CONTROLLED BY?

A
  • PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS (HUNGER)
  • ENVIRONMENT
  • OUR REWARD PROCESSES
  • GENETICS
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2
Q

MAIN CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE OCCURS IN WHICH PART OF THE BRAIN?

A

HYPOTHALMUS

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3
Q

WHICH PART OF THE BRAIN APART FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS ALSO PLAYS A ROLE IN FOOD INTAKE BY RELAYING THE NERVOUS SIGNALS FROM PNS TO CNS?

A

THE BRAINSTEM

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4
Q

WHICH NUCLEI OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS IS INVOLVED IN REGULATING FOOD INTAKE?

A

ARCUATE NUCLEUS

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5
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF NEURONS IN ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND WHAT ARE THEIR ROLES + NAMES?

A

POMC (PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN) AND CART (COCAINE- AND AMPHETAMINE REGULATED TRANSCRIPT) NEURONS; INHIBITORS OF FOOD INTAKE; ANOREXIGENIC

NPY (NEUROPEPTIDE Y) AND AgRP (AGOUTI RELATED PEPTIDE) NEURONS; STIMULATE FOOD INTAKE; OREXIGENIC

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6
Q

ARCUATE NUCLEUS IS CONNECTED TO WHICH 2 OTHER TYPES OF NUCLEI?

A

VENTROMEDIAL AND LATERAL

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7
Q

WHICH NUCLEUS IS KNOWN AS THE ‘SATIETY CENTRE’ BECAUSE IT IS INVOLVED IN SUPPRESSING FOOD INTAKE?

A

VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS

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8
Q

WHICH NUCLEUS IS KNOWN AS THE ‘HUNGER CENTRE’ BECAUSE IT ACTIVATES FOOD INTAKE?

A

LATERAL NUCLEUS

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9
Q

MECHANISM OF STOPPING FOOD INTAKE?

A
  • POMC NEURONS PRODUCE aMSH (a-MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE) AND THIS WILL ACTIVATE NEURONS IN VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS TO DECREASE INTAKE
  • CART DOESN’T ACT DIRECTLY ON VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS BUT RATHER SUPPRESSES NEURONS OF THE LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS SO THEY CAN’T ACTIVATE FOOD INTAKE
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10
Q

MECHANISM OF INCREASING FOOD INTAKE?

A
  • AgRP PRODUCED AND SUPPRESSES VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS SO IT CAN’T DECREASE INTAKE
  • NPY ACTIVATES NEURONS IN THE LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS
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11
Q

WHAT IS EPISODIC REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE/EPISODIC SIGNALS?

A
  • SHORT TERM REGULATION
  • VARIES WITH FEEDING PATTERNS
  • GENERATED BY FOOD INTAKE
  • MAINLY INHIBITORY TOWARDS FURTHER INTAKE
  • INVOLVES GUT HORMONES LIKE CCK, GLP-1,PYY
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12
Q

OTHER NAME FOR EPISODIC SIGNALS/EPISODIC FOOD INTAKE REGULATION?

A

TRANSIENT SIGNALS

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13
Q

WHAT IS TONIC REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE/ TONIC SIGNALS?

A
  • LONG TERM REGULATION
  • GENERATED BY TISSUE STORES (HOW FULL THE ADIPOSE TISSUE IS)
  • CONSTANT REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE BASED ON ENERGY LEVELS
  • INVOLVES MOLECULES SECRETED BY THE ADIPOSE TISSUE (E.G. LEPTIN, ADIPSIN, RESISTIN, ADIPONECTIN..)
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14
Q

WHAT IS COMMON NAME FOR ALL MOLECULES SECRETED BY THE ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A

ADIPOKINES

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15
Q

WHAT IS CHOLECYSTOKININ AND WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION?

A

CCK IS A NEUROPEPTIDE AND A GUT HORMONE

IT REGULATES PANCREATIC ENZYME SECRETION, GI MOTILITY AND ACTS AS A SATIETY SIGNAL

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16
Q

WHERE IN THE GI TRACT IS CCK SYNTHESISED?

A

SMALL INTESTINE

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17
Q

IS CCK RELEASED BEFORE OR AFTER A MEAL AND FROM WHERE?

A

AFTER A MEAL, SIMULTANEOUSLY FROM INTESTINAL CELLS AND NEURONS

18
Q

WHAT IS GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1 AND WHEN AND WHERE IS IT SECRETED?

A

GLP-1 IS AN INCRETIN SECRETED IN THE COLON FOLLOWING A MEAL, ESP HIGH IN CARBOHYDRATES

19
Q

WHAT EFFECTS DOES GLP-1 HAVE ON FOOD INTAKE AND IN WHICH CONDITION CAN THIS PROPERTY BE USED?

A

IT STRONGLY REDUCES IT, SO IT CAN BE USED IN OBESITY

20
Q

WHAT DOES ‘POSTPRANDIAL’ MEAN?

A

AFTER A MEAL

21
Q

WHAT ARE INCRETINS?

A

GUT DERIVED PEPTIDE HORMONES RAPIDLY SECRETED AFTER A MEAL WHICH STIMULATE INSULIN SECRETION AND LEAD TO LOWERING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

22
Q

WHAT IS PEPTIDE TYROSINE TYROSINE (PYY), WHERE AND WHEN IS IT SECRETED?

A

A PEPTIDE GUT HORMONE SECRETED AFTER A MEAL IN THE COLON

23
Q

WHAT DOES PYY ACT ON AND WHAT IS THE RESULT OF ITS FUNCTIONING?

A

ON NPY NEURONS, DELAYS GASTRIC EMPTYING (FEELING FULL FOR LONGER)

24
Q

EFFECTS AND ROLE OF GUT HORMONE GHRELIN?

A

RELEASED BEFORE A MEAL, ACTIVATES HUNGER AND FOOD INTAKE, INCREASES GASTRIC MOTILITY, INCREASES FAT STORAGE AND DECREASES FAT UTILIZATION

25
Q

WHAT IS AMYLIN AND WHAT DOES IT DO?

A

PEPTIDE HORMONE SECRETED BY THE PANCREAS AFTER A MEAL TO INHIBIT GLUCAGON SECRETION. IT DECREASES FOOD INTAKE, DELAYS GASTRIC EMPTYING AND IT IS INVOLVED IN BODY WEIGHT REGULATION

26
Q

WHICH HORMONE IS AMYLIN COSECRETED WITH AND FROM WHERE?

A

INSULIN, PANCREATIC BETA CELLS

27
Q

WHAT IS THE HYPOTHALAMIC PATHWAY OF FUNCTIONING FOR GLP-1, CKK, PYY, INSULIN AND AMYLIN?

A

THEY INHIBIT NPY/AgRP NEURONS SO THEY STOP THEM FROM ACTING ON LATERAL AND VETROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS TO INCREASE FOOD INTAKE
THEY DO NOT ACT ON POMC/CART NEURONS!!!!!!!!

28
Q

WHICH NEURONS OF THE ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS DOES GHRELIN ACTIVATE?

A

AgRP

29
Q

HOW CAN AMYLIN INJECTION BE BENEFICIAL IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS?

A

IT CAN BLOCK HYPERPHAGIC MANIFESTATIONS

30
Q

WHERE IS THE HORMONE LEPTIN SECRETED FROM AND WHAT DOES IT DO TO FOOD INTAKE?

A

SECRETED BY THE ADIPOSE TISSUE, INHIBITS FOOD INTAKE

31
Q

HOW IS FOOD INTAKE INHIBITED BY LEPTIN?

A
  • LEPTIN HAS RECEPTORS AT THE SURFACE OF BOTH POMC/CART AND NPY/AgRP NEURONS
  • LEPTIN WILL ACTIVATE THE FOOD INTAKE SUPRESSING NEURONS AS WELL AS BLOCK THE FOOD INTAKE STIMULATING NEURONS
  • THIS MAKES IT A VERY STRONG SUPPRESSOR
32
Q

LEPTIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPISODIC OR TONIC SIGNALS?

A

TONIC

33
Q

AMPK; AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE

- WHAT IS TI + ROLE

A

ONE OF THE CENTRAL ENZYMES IN METABOLISM WHICH REGULATES MITOCHONDRIA BIOGENESIS AND LEVEL OF ENERGY IN THE CELL

34
Q

WHAT IS AMPK SOMETIMES CALLED BECAUSE OF ITS FUNCTION IN REGULATING CELLULAR ENERGY?

A

‘THE ENERGY SENSOR OF THE CELL’

35
Q

WHAT ACTIVATES AMPK?

A

LOW ENERGY LEVELS IN THE CELL

36
Q

WHAT ARE KINASES?

A

ENZYMES WHICH ADD A PHOSPHATE GROUP TO OTHER MOLECULES

37
Q

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POST MEAL HORMONES AND AMPK?

A

THE POST MEAL HORMONES INHIBIT IT BECAUSE ATP LEVELS ARE HIGH AFTER A MEAL

38
Q

WHICH GUT HORMONE ACTIVATES AMPK?

A

GHRELIN

39
Q

HOW DOES GLUCOSE REGULATE FOOD INTAKE?

A
  • CIRCULATING GLUCOSE TAKEN UP BY GLUT2
  • ONCE INSIDE THE CELLS, UNDERGOES GLYCOLYSIS AND PRODUCES PYRUVATE
  • PYRUVATE GOES TO THE MITOCHONDRIA TO PRODUCE ATP
  • ATP LEVELS RISE, K+ CHANNELS CLOSE, Ca2+ CHANNELS OPEN
  • A LOT OF POSITIVE CHARGE IN THE CELL, DEPOLARIZATION INDUCED
  • FOLLOWED BY RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS THAT WILL SHUT DOWN FOOD INTAKE
  • AMPK INACTIVATED WHEN GLUCOSE IS PRESENT AND CAN MAKE ATP
40
Q

EFFECTS OF BLEND FOODS VS TASTY, HFSS FOODS ON THE BRAIN?

A

BLEND FOOD GENERATES INFO IN HYPOTHALAMUS LEADING TO SATIETY SIGNALS SO EATING STOPS
FOOD THAT TASTES GOOD ACTIVATES THE REWARD SYSTEM AND DOPAMINE & ENDOGENOUS OPIATES ARE PRODUCED

41
Q

WHAT CONSEQUENCES CAN ACTIVATION OF REWARD CIRCUIT HAVE ON THE FOOD INTAKE REGULATORS?

A
  • CAN LEAD TO INCREASE OF NPY NEURONS

- CAN BLOCK EFFECTS OF CCK, GLP1 AND LEPTIN

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