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FOO > PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN NUTRITION > Flashcards

PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN NUTRITION Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS METABOLISM?

A

The ensemble of chemical reactions that either provide energy from nutrients for the body to use (CATABOLISM) or provide energy storage when the body has enough energy (ANABOLISM).
- all reactions tightly regulated by hormones

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2
Q

WHAT ARE NUTRIENTS AND WHAT ARE THE 6 MAIN CATEGORIES?

A

Molecules we ingest used by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce.
6 categories: sugars, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water

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3
Q

WHAT ARE MACRONUTRIENTS?

A
  • nutrients consumed in large quantities
  • involved in energy production, growth and repair
  • e.g. carbs, proteins, lipids, water, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, phosphorus, sulfur
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4
Q

WHAT ARE MICRONUTRIENTS? (‘TRACE ELEMENTS’)

A
  • nutrients consumed in smaller quantities, but can still be essential
  • important in metabolism, often acting as coenzymes or cofactors
  • e.g. zinc, copper, selenium and iodine
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5
Q

WHAT AMOUNT OF ENERGY IS RELEASED PER g OF MAIN NUTRIENTS?

A

CARBOHYDRATES and PROTEIN: 4kcal

LIPIDS: 9kcal

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6
Q

WHAT ARE ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS?

A

Nutrients which cannot be synthesized by the human body. E.g. vitamins or some amino acids (9/20 are essential, like omega 3 and 6)

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7
Q

WHICH ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT CAN ACTUALLY BE SYNTHESIZED, AND HOW?

A

Choline (can be synthesized from Phosphatidyl choline)

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8
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR BRAIN AND ERYTHROCYTES?

A

Carbohydrates

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9
Q

DIGESTION OF WHICH CARBOHYDRATE PROVIDES THE MAJORITY OF GLUCOSE IN HUMAN NUTRITION?

A

STARCH

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10
Q

WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES OF CARBOHYDRATES?

A

Mono-, Di- and Polysaccharides

+ Oligosaccharides

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11
Q

WHAT IS THE GENERAL CHEMICAL FORMULA OF MONOSACCHARIDES?

A

Cx(H20)x

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12
Q

Which carbohydrates can’t be digested beyond their form? (cannot be further hydrolyzed)

A

Monosaccharides

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13
Q

3 examples of monosaccharides & the amount of carbons they have:

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose, all are HEXOSES (6 carbons)

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14
Q

IS GLUCOSE A KETOSE (contains keto group) or ALDOSE (contains aldehyde group)?

A

ALDOSE

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15
Q

IF A SUGAR HAS 5 OR MORE CARBONS IS IT MORE LIKELY TO FORM A LINEAR OR RING STRUCTURE?

A

RING

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16
Q

THE 2 ENANTIOMERS (D and L) OF MONOSACCHARIDES TAKE WHICH GROUP AS A REFERENCE?

A

HYDROXYL GROUP (OH)

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17
Q

CAN HUMANS METABOLIZE D OR L SUGARS?

A

ONLY D SUGARS,

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18
Q

WHERE ARE DISACCHARIDES BROKEN DOWN?

A

SMALL INTESTINE (brush border)

19
Q

ARE DISACCHARIDES WATER SOLUBLE?

A

YES

20
Q

3 DISSACHARIDE EXAMPLES AND THEIR COMPOSITION:

A

SUCROSE (GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE)
MALTOSE (GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE)
LACTOSE (GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE)

21
Q

HOW ARE MONOSACCHARIDES COMBINED IN DISACCHARIDES?

A

via GLYCOSIDIC BOND

22
Q

HOW ARE DISACCHARIDES BROKEN DOWN?

A

By digestive enzymes which break down glycosidic bonds

23
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF POLYSACCHARIDES?

A

storage of energy for later use, structural strength, lubrication

24
Q

WHICH STRUCTURAL FORMS CAN THE POLYSACCHARIDES HAVE?

A

LINEAR and BRANCHED

25
Q

HOW ARE MONOSACCHARIDES LINKED POLYSACCHARIDES?

A

by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds or alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds

26
Q

EXAMPLES FOR POLYSACCHARIDES WITH ALPHA 1-4 BONDS AND ALPHA 1-6 BONDS?

A

1-4: AMYLOSE

1-6: AMYLOPECTIN and GLYCOGEN

27
Q

WHAT ARE GLYCOAMINOGLYCANS + ONE EXAMPLE

A

Molecules that combine polysaccharides and proteins. They are a part of the cell membrane and components of the synovial fluid. The large amounts of sugars on proteins creates a viscous fluid which gives them their properties. E.g. HYALURONIC ACID

28
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS?

A

Metabolic messengers, regulators, cushioning for internal organs, insulation, absorption of ADEK vitamins..

29
Q

HOW MANY KG OF ADIPOSE TISSUE (TRYGLICERIDES) ARE THERE IN A 70KG ADULT HEALTHY MALE AND HOW MUCH CALORIES CAN BE GENERATED FROM THAT?

A

11kg, 100 000 kcal

30
Q

WHAT IS THE FORM OF LIPID STORAGE IN HUMANS CALLED?

A

Triglycerides

31
Q

WHAT ARE PROTEINS?

A

Polymers of amino acids (MORE THAN 100) linked by peptide bonds

32
Q

HOW MANY AMINO ACIDS ARE THERE IN NATURE AND HOW MANY IN HUMANS?

A

300 in nature, 20 in humans

33
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS?

A

structural function, enzymes, hormones, receptors, channels…. THEY PARTICIPATE IN THE INTEGRITY OF THE CELL

34
Q

WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF AMINO ACIDS?

A

CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUP (COOH), AMINE GROUP (NH2) and THE ‘R’ GROUP

35
Q

WHAT ARE THE POLYMERS OF LESS THAN 100 AMINO ACIDS CALLED?

A

peptides

36
Q

WHAT IS THE DETERMINANT OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE?

A

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE

37
Q

WHY ARE THE SECONDARY, TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURES 3D?

A

As a result of FOLDING (of amino acid sequences)

38
Q

ENZYMES AND IMMUNOGLOBINS HAVE WHICH PROTEIN STRUCTURE?

A

Tertiary: protein chains folded into globular shapes

39
Q

HOW MUCH OF THE ENERGY PRODUCED IN CATABOLIC PATHWAYS IS USED AS HEAT, AND HOW MUCH TO SUPPORT BODILY FUNCTIONS?

A

60% heat, 40% functioning

40
Q

WHAT MAKES ATP A HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND?

A

The high-energy bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups

41
Q

GIVE OVERVIEW OF CATABOLISM OF MAIN NUTRIENTS

A

sugars - monosaccharides - undergo glycolysis - pyruvate

lipids - fatty acids + glycerol - undergo beta oxidatation - acetylCoA

proteins - amino acids (shouldn’t be further digested)

42
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DOESN’T RESULT IN PRODUCTION OF ENERGY STORAGE: GLYCOGENESIS, LIPOGENESIS, GLUCONEOGENESIS

A

Gluconeogenesis

43
Q

WHAT IS THE PRODUCT OF GLYCOGENESIS AND WHERE IS IT STORED

A

Glycogen, mostly in liver + small amount in skeletal muscle

44
Q

WHAT IS USED TO PRODUCE GLUCOSE DURING GLUCONEOGENESIS AND WGERE DOES THIS PROCESS OCCUR?

A

pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids are used, takes place in the liver

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