MICRONUTRIENTS IN MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH

Question 1

BETA CAROTENE IS ALSO KNOWN AS?

Answer 1

PROVITAMIN A

Question 2

VITAMINS VS MINERALS, WHICH ARE ORGANIC AND WHICH INORGANIC NUTRIENTS?

Answer 2

MINERALS ARE INORGANIC NUTRIENTS

VITAMINS ARE ORGANIC NUTRIENTS

Question 3

WHAT IS ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS?

Answer 3

A SMOOTH TONGUE THAT HAS LOST ITS PAPILLAE

Question 4

EXAMPLES OF DEFICIENCIES ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH?

Answer 4

NIACIN (B3), FOLIC ACID (B9), IRON, B12

Question 5

MEANING OF ‘PELLARGA’?

Answer 5

ROUGH SKIN IN ITALIAN

Question 6

PELLAGRA SYMPTOMS?

Answer 6

• DERMATITIS (SKIN INFLAMMATION)
• ERYTHEMATOUS, BLISTERING RASH THAT MAY BE ITCHY OR PAINFUL
• THE RASH OCCURS IN AREAS OF SUN EXPOSURE (AROUND THE NECK, ARMS OR HANDS USUALLY)

Question 7

PELLAGRA IS ASSOCIATED WITH DEFICIENCY IN WHICH VITAMIN?

Answer 7

NIACIN (B3)

Question 8

HEAMORRAGHE INTO THE GUMS IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF WHICH CONDITION RELATED TO A VITAMIN DEFICIENCY?

Answer 8

SCURVY

Question 9

WHAT IS BERI BERI?

Answer 9

A DISEASE, HAS 2 TYPES:
WET BERI BERI: AFFECTS THE CV SYSTEM AND CAN CAUSE HEART FAILURE
DRY BERI BERI: DAMAGES THE PERIPHERAL NERVES AND CAN LEAD TO MUSCLE PARALYSIS

Question 10

WHICH VITAMIN DEFICIENCY IS CAUSE OF BERI BERI DISEASE?

Answer 10

VIT B1 (THIAMINE)

Question 11

MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA IS ALSO CALLED ..?

WHICH VIT DEFICIENCY IS IT ASSOCIATED WITH?

Answer 11

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

B12

Question 12

APART FROM B12, DEFICIENCY IN WHICH OTHER VITAMIN CAN CAUSE MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA?

Answer 12

FOLATE (B9)

Question 13

DEFICIENCY IN WHICH VIT CAN LEAD TO HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE?

Answer 13

VIT K

Question 14

RICKETS IS CAUSED BY DEFICIENCY OF?

Answer 14

VITAMIN D

Question 15

PICA DISORDER IS SOMETIMES A RESULT OF WHICH DEFICIENCY?

Answer 15

SODIUM DEFICIENCY

Question 16

AMOUNT OF GRAINS CONSUMED DURING PREGNANCY THAT SHOULD BE WHOLE GRAINS?

Answer 16

AT LEAST HALF OF THE TOTAL GRAIN INTAKE

Question 17

CAFFEINE INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY SHOULD BE?

Answer 17

LESS THAN 200 TO 300 mg per day

Question 18

WHAT IS THE NORMAL WEIGHT GAIN IN THE 1ST TRIMESTER FOR ALL WOMEN?

Answer 18

0.5 TO 2KG

Question 19

WEIGHT GAIN FOR WOMEN IN THE 2ND AND 3RD TRIMESTER (TOTAL AND WEEKLY, PER BMI):

Answer 19

<18.5: 0.5 KG/ WEEK, 12.5 TO 18 KG TOTAL
18.5-24.9: 0.4 KG/WEEK, 11.5 TO 16 KG TOTAL
25-29.9: 0.3 KG/WEEK, 7 TO 11.5 KG TOTAL
>30: 0.2 KG/WEEK, 5 TO 9 KG TOTAL

Question 20

ADDITIONAL CALORIC INTAKE IN PREGNANCY FOR THE 2ND AND 3RD TRIMESTER?

Answer 20

340-450 kcal/day FOR NORMAL BMI AND UNDERWEIGHT

Question 21

GRAMS OF PROTEIN PER DAY REQUIRED IN PREGNANCY?

Answer 21

AT LEAST 71G/DAY

Question 22

HOW MANY GRAMS OF PROTEIN DOES THE FETAL/PLACENTA UNIT UTILIZE AND WHEN DOES THE MOST OF THIS REQUIREMENT OCCUR?

Answer 22

1000 g

MOST IN THE LAST 6 MONTHS

Question 23

HOW SHOULD PROTEIN INTAKE IN PREGNANCY BE INCREASED?

Answer 23

• NORMAL INTAKE FOR NON PREGNANT WOMEN IS AROUND 45 GRAMS PER DAY, IN PREGNANCY IT SHOULD BE AT LEAST 71
• IMPORTANT TO INCREASE CONSUMPTION PROPORTIONALLY TO TOTAL CALORIES (SO THAT 10-35% OF TOTAL KCAL STILL COMES FROM PROTEIN)

Question 24

CHANGE IN CARBOHYDRATE REQUIREMENT IN PREGNANCY?

Answer 24

FROM 130g/day (nonpregnant) TO 175

Question 25

HOW SHOULD FIBRE INTAKE BE INCREASED IN PREGNANCY AND WHY?

Answer 25

FROM 25 g/DAY TO 28-36g/DAY - TO HELP PREVENT/REDUCE CONSTIPATION - DECREASED RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA, DYSLIPIDEMIA AND EXCESSIVE GLUCOSE

Question 26

2 OMEGA-3 LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS THAT ARE BENEFICIAL IN PREGNANCY AND WHAT IS THEIR MAIN SORUCE?

Answer 26

DHA; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID EPA; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID - PRIMARILY DERIVED FROM FISH SOURCES

Question 27

BENEFITS OF DHA IN PREGNANCY?

Answer 27

NECESSARY FOR NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETAL BRAIN AND RETINA

Question 28

HOW MUCH OILY FISH IS RECOMMENDED FOR PREGNANT WOMEN?

Answer 28

1 TO 2 PORTIONS PER WEEK

Question 29

RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE OF DHA IN PREGNANCY?

Answer 29

200-300 mg/day

Question 30

WHAT IS THE MOST PREVALENT SINGLE.NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY WORLDWIDE?

Answer 30

IRON DEFICIENCY

Question 31

% OF PREGNANT WOMEN WITH IRON DEFICIENCY?

Answer 31

20%

Question 32

WHY IS IRON IMPORTANT IN PREGNANCY?

Answer 32

- FOR FETAL BRAIN AND PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT | - TO EXPAND THE MATERNAL RED CELL MASS

Question 33

WHAT ARE THE 2 FORMS OF IRON?

Answer 33

HEME AND NON-HEME

Question 34

WHICH FORM OF IRON IS FOUND IN MEAT, POULTRY AND FISH?

Answer 34

HEME IRON

Question 35

HOW CAN ABSORPTION OF NON HEME IRON BE ENHANCED AND WHAT INHIBITS IT?

Answer 35

ENHANCED BY VIT C RICH FOODS | INHIBITED BY CONSUMPTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS AND COFFEE/TEA/COCOA

Question 36

WHICH VITAMIN PROMOTES CALCIUM ABSORPTION?

Answer 36

VIT D

Question 37

HOW MANY GRAMS OF CALCIUM DOES FETAL SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT REQUIRE ACROSS THE WHOLE PREGNANCY?

Answer 37

30 grams

Question 38

WHAT ARE THE RECOMMENDATIONS AROUND ROUTINE IRON SUPPLEMENTATION FOR PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE UK?

Answer 38

ROUTINE SUPPLEMENTATION IS NOT RECOMMENDED

Question 39

IN WHICH TRIMESTER IS THE FETAL REQUIREMENT FOR CALCIUM THE HIGHEST?

Answer 39

3RD

Question 40

WHY IS ROUTINE CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY NOT RECOMMENDED?

Answer 40

BECAUSE RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE (700mg) DOESN'T CHANGE DURING PREGNANCY AS IT IS USUALLY EASILY MOBILISED FROM MATERNAL STORES + INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND RENAL RETENTION OF CALCIUM PROGRESSIVELY INCREASE THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY

Question 41

IODINE INTAKE; GENERAL POPULATION VS PREGNANCY?

Answer 41

GEN POP: 150 mcg/day | PREGNANCY: 200mcg/day

Question 42

IODINE SOURCES?

Answer 42

FISH, MILK, DAIRY PRODUCTS

Question 43

MAXIMUM ALLOWED AMOUNT OF IODINE IN DAILY PREGNANCY SUPPLEMENT + WHO WOULD BE REQUIRED TO TAKE IT?

Answer 43

150 mcg | - VEGANS AND THOSE WITH REDUCED NUTRITIONAL INTAKE

Question 44

FOLATE INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY CAN DECREASE THE OCCURANCE OF NTDs BY?

Answer 44

70%

Question 45

IN WHICH PERIOD SHOULD DAILY FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT OF 400 mcg BE TAKEN?

Answer 45

FROM PREGNANCY PLANNING UNTIL WEEK 12

Question 46

WHICH GROUPS OF WOMEN WILL REQUIRE 5mg/day OF FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT INSTEAD OF 400mcg/day?

Answer 46

- PREVIOUS PREGNANCY AFFECTED BY NTD - ONE OF THE PARENTS HAS A NTD - COEALIAC DISEASE, UC - DIABATES - BMI > 30 - CERTAIN EPILEPSY MEDICATIONS - SICKLE CELL ANEMIA OR THALASSAEMIA

Question 47

% OF WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE WHICH ARE DEFICIENT IN B12?

Answer 47

10% (OTHERS MOSTLY CONSUME ABOVE UK RNI)

Question 48

WHICH GROUPS OF WOMEN HAVE HIGHER RISK OF VIT D DEFICIENCY?

Answer 48

- NON-WHITE SKIN - BMI > 30 - HOUSEBOUND WOMEN OR WHO REMAIN COVERED - WOMEN WITH DELIVERY DATE IN NOVEMBER AND MARCH - WOMEN AT RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA

Question 49

RECOMMENDED VIT D SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY?

Answer 49

- DAILY 10 mcg (400 IU; INTERNATIONAL UNITS) FOR ALL WOMEN THROUGHOUT THE PREGNANCY AND WHEN BREASTFEEDING - HIGH RISK GROUPS; 25 mcg/DAY OR 1000 IU

Question 50

IMPORTANCE OF CHOLINE IN PREGNANCY?

Answer 50

COMPONENT OF ACETYLCHOLINE, SPHINGOMYELIN AND PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FETAL CNS AND COGNITION

Question 51

CHOLINE IS SIMILAR TO WHICH VITAMIN GROUP IN STRUCTURE?

Answer 51

B VITAMINS

Question 52

FOODS AND NUTRIENTS TO AVOID DURING PREGNANCY?

Answer 52

- RAW SHELLFISH - RAW AND UNDERCOOKED MEATS - SOFT RIPENED CHEESES - ALL UNPASTEURISED DAIRY PRODUCTS - MULTIVITAMIN SUBSTANCES HIGH IN VIT A - LIVER AND LIVER PRODUCTS - SHARK, MARLIN, SWORDFISH - FOODS HIGH IN CAFFEINE

Question 53

VIT A OR PROVITAMIN A; WHAT IS DANGEROUS TO THE DEVELOPING FETUS IF EXCESSIVE (TERATOGENIC!)?

Answer 53

VIT A

Question 54

WHICH ORGANISATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING WEIGHT GAIN AND CALORIE INTAKE IN PREGNANCY IN THE UK?

Answer 54

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Question 55

SUPPLEMENTS ALL PREGNANT WOMEN SHOULD TAKE?

Answer 55

VIT D AND FOLATE (B9)

Question 56

ARE THE GUDELINES FOR INTAKE OF MACRO OR MICRO NUTRIENTS MORE CHANGED DURING PREGNANCY?

Answer 56

MICRONUTRIENTS | MACRONUTRIENTS AREN'T REALLY CHANGED; INTAKE NEEDS TO BE INCREASED PROPORTIONALLY TO CALORIE INTAKE INCREASE

Question 57

WHEN IS OGTT DONE IN PREGNANCY?

Answer 57

BETWEEN 24 AND 28 WEEKS