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FOO > MICRONUTRIENTS IN MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH > Flashcards

MICRONUTRIENTS IN MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH Flashcards

1
Q

BETA CAROTENE IS ALSO KNOWN AS?

A

PROVITAMIN A

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2
Q

VITAMINS VS MINERALS, WHICH ARE ORGANIC AND WHICH INORGANIC NUTRIENTS?

A

MINERALS ARE INORGANIC NUTRIENTS

VITAMINS ARE ORGANIC NUTRIENTS

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3
Q

WHAT IS ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS?

A

A SMOOTH TONGUE THAT HAS LOST ITS PAPILLAE

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4
Q

EXAMPLES OF DEFICIENCIES ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH?

A

NIACIN (B3), FOLIC ACID (B9), IRON, B12

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5
Q

MEANING OF ‘PELLARGA’?

A

ROUGH SKIN IN ITALIAN

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6
Q

PELLAGRA SYMPTOMS?

A
  • DERMATITIS (SKIN INFLAMMATION)
  • ERYTHEMATOUS, BLISTERING RASH THAT MAY BE ITCHY OR PAINFUL
  • THE RASH OCCURS IN AREAS OF SUN EXPOSURE (AROUND THE NECK, ARMS OR HANDS USUALLY)
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7
Q

PELLAGRA IS ASSOCIATED WITH DEFICIENCY IN WHICH VITAMIN?

A

NIACIN (B3)

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8
Q

HEAMORRAGHE INTO THE GUMS IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF WHICH CONDITION RELATED TO A VITAMIN DEFICIENCY?

A

SCURVY

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9
Q

WHAT IS BERI BERI?

A

A DISEASE, HAS 2 TYPES:
WET BERI BERI: AFFECTS THE CV SYSTEM AND CAN CAUSE HEART FAILURE
DRY BERI BERI: DAMAGES THE PERIPHERAL NERVES AND CAN LEAD TO MUSCLE PARALYSIS

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10
Q

WHICH VITAMIN DEFICIENCY IS CAUSE OF BERI BERI DISEASE?

A

VIT B1 (THIAMINE)

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11
Q

MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA IS ALSO CALLED ..?

WHICH VIT DEFICIENCY IS IT ASSOCIATED WITH?

A

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

B12

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12
Q

APART FROM B12, DEFICIENCY IN WHICH OTHER VITAMIN CAN CAUSE MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA?

A

FOLATE (B9)

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13
Q

DEFICIENCY IN WHICH VIT CAN LEAD TO HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE?

A

VIT K

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14
Q

RICKETS IS CAUSED BY DEFICIENCY OF?

A

VITAMIN D

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15
Q

PICA DISORDER IS SOMETIMES A RESULT OF WHICH DEFICIENCY?

A

SODIUM DEFICIENCY

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16
Q

AMOUNT OF GRAINS CONSUMED DURING PREGNANCY THAT SHOULD BE WHOLE GRAINS?

A

AT LEAST HALF OF THE TOTAL GRAIN INTAKE

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17
Q

CAFFEINE INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY SHOULD BE?

A

LESS THAN 200 TO 300 mg per day

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18
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL WEIGHT GAIN IN THE 1ST TRIMESTER FOR ALL WOMEN?

A

0.5 TO 2KG

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19
Q

WEIGHT GAIN FOR WOMEN IN THE 2ND AND 3RD TRIMESTER (TOTAL AND WEEKLY, PER BMI):

A

<18.5: 0.5 KG/ WEEK, 12.5 TO 18 KG TOTAL
18.5-24.9: 0.4 KG/WEEK, 11.5 TO 16 KG TOTAL
25-29.9: 0.3 KG/WEEK, 7 TO 11.5 KG TOTAL
>30: 0.2 KG/WEEK, 5 TO 9 KG TOTAL

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20
Q

ADDITIONAL CALORIC INTAKE IN PREGNANCY FOR THE 2ND AND 3RD TRIMESTER?

A

340-450 kcal/day FOR NORMAL BMI AND UNDERWEIGHT

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21
Q

GRAMS OF PROTEIN PER DAY REQUIRED IN PREGNANCY?

A

AT LEAST 71G/DAY

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22
Q

HOW MANY GRAMS OF PROTEIN DOES THE FETAL/PLACENTA UNIT UTILIZE AND WHEN DOES THE MOST OF THIS REQUIREMENT OCCUR?

A

1000 g

MOST IN THE LAST 6 MONTHS

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23
Q

HOW SHOULD PROTEIN INTAKE IN PREGNANCY BE INCREASED?

A
  • NORMAL INTAKE FOR NON PREGNANT WOMEN IS AROUND 45 GRAMS PER DAY, IN PREGNANCY IT SHOULD BE AT LEAST 71
  • IMPORTANT TO INCREASE CONSUMPTION PROPORTIONALLY TO TOTAL CALORIES (SO THAT 10-35% OF TOTAL KCAL STILL COMES FROM PROTEIN)
24
Q

CHANGE IN CARBOHYDRATE REQUIREMENT IN PREGNANCY?

A

FROM 130g/day (nonpregnant) TO 175

25
Q

HOW SHOULD FIBRE INTAKE BE INCREASED IN PREGNANCY AND WHY?

A

FROM 25 g/DAY TO 28-36g/DAY

  • TO HELP PREVENT/REDUCE CONSTIPATION
  • DECREASED RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA, DYSLIPIDEMIA AND EXCESSIVE GLUCOSE
26
Q

2 OMEGA-3 LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS THAT ARE BENEFICIAL IN PREGNANCY AND WHAT IS THEIR MAIN SORUCE?

A

DHA; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID
EPA; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID
- PRIMARILY DERIVED FROM FISH SOURCES

27
Q

BENEFITS OF DHA IN PREGNANCY?

A

NECESSARY FOR NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETAL BRAIN AND RETINA

28
Q

HOW MUCH OILY FISH IS RECOMMENDED FOR PREGNANT WOMEN?

A

1 TO 2 PORTIONS PER WEEK

29
Q

RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE OF DHA IN PREGNANCY?

A

200-300 mg/day

30
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST PREVALENT SINGLE.NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY WORLDWIDE?

A

IRON DEFICIENCY

31
Q

% OF PREGNANT WOMEN WITH IRON DEFICIENCY?

32
Q

WHY IS IRON IMPORTANT IN PREGNANCY?

A
  • FOR FETAL BRAIN AND PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT

- TO EXPAND THE MATERNAL RED CELL MASS

33
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 FORMS OF IRON?

A

HEME AND NON-HEME

34
Q

WHICH FORM OF IRON IS FOUND IN MEAT, POULTRY AND FISH?

35
Q

HOW CAN ABSORPTION OF NON HEME IRON BE ENHANCED AND WHAT INHIBITS IT?

A

ENHANCED BY VIT C RICH FOODS

INHIBITED BY CONSUMPTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS AND COFFEE/TEA/COCOA

36
Q

WHICH VITAMIN PROMOTES CALCIUM ABSORPTION?

37
Q

HOW MANY GRAMS OF CALCIUM DOES FETAL SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT REQUIRE ACROSS THE WHOLE PREGNANCY?

38
Q

WHAT ARE THE RECOMMENDATIONS AROUND ROUTINE IRON SUPPLEMENTATION FOR PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE UK?

A

ROUTINE SUPPLEMENTATION IS NOT RECOMMENDED

39
Q

IN WHICH TRIMESTER IS THE FETAL REQUIREMENT FOR CALCIUM THE HIGHEST?

40
Q

WHY IS ROUTINE CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY NOT RECOMMENDED?

A

BECAUSE RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE (700mg) DOESN’T CHANGE DURING PREGNANCY AS IT IS USUALLY EASILY MOBILISED FROM MATERNAL STORES + INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND RENAL RETENTION OF CALCIUM PROGRESSIVELY INCREASE THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY

41
Q

IODINE INTAKE; GENERAL POPULATION VS PREGNANCY?

A

GEN POP: 150 mcg/day

PREGNANCY: 200mcg/day

42
Q

IODINE SOURCES?

A

FISH, MILK, DAIRY PRODUCTS

43
Q

MAXIMUM ALLOWED AMOUNT OF IODINE IN DAILY PREGNANCY SUPPLEMENT + WHO WOULD BE REQUIRED TO TAKE IT?

A

150 mcg

- VEGANS AND THOSE WITH REDUCED NUTRITIONAL INTAKE

44
Q

FOLATE INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY CAN DECREASE THE OCCURANCE OF NTDs BY?

45
Q

IN WHICH PERIOD SHOULD DAILY FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT OF 400 mcg BE TAKEN?

A

FROM PREGNANCY PLANNING UNTIL WEEK 12

46
Q

WHICH GROUPS OF WOMEN WILL REQUIRE 5mg/day OF FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT INSTEAD OF 400mcg/day?

A
  • PREVIOUS PREGNANCY AFFECTED BY NTD
  • ONE OF THE PARENTS HAS A NTD
  • COEALIAC DISEASE, UC
  • DIABATES
  • BMI > 30
  • CERTAIN EPILEPSY MEDICATIONS
  • SICKLE CELL ANEMIA OR THALASSAEMIA
47
Q

% OF WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE WHICH ARE DEFICIENT IN B12?

A

10% (OTHERS MOSTLY CONSUME ABOVE UK RNI)

48
Q

WHICH GROUPS OF WOMEN HAVE HIGHER RISK OF VIT D DEFICIENCY?

A
  • NON-WHITE SKIN
  • BMI > 30
  • HOUSEBOUND WOMEN OR WHO REMAIN COVERED
  • WOMEN WITH DELIVERY DATE IN NOVEMBER AND MARCH
  • WOMEN AT RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA
49
Q

RECOMMENDED VIT D SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY?

A
  • DAILY 10 mcg (400 IU; INTERNATIONAL UNITS) FOR ALL WOMEN THROUGHOUT THE PREGNANCY AND WHEN BREASTFEEDING
  • HIGH RISK GROUPS; 25 mcg/DAY OR 1000 IU
50
Q

IMPORTANCE OF CHOLINE IN PREGNANCY?

A

COMPONENT OF ACETYLCHOLINE, SPHINGOMYELIN AND PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FETAL CNS AND COGNITION

51
Q

CHOLINE IS SIMILAR TO WHICH VITAMIN GROUP IN STRUCTURE?

A

B VITAMINS

52
Q

FOODS AND NUTRIENTS TO AVOID DURING PREGNANCY?

A
  • RAW SHELLFISH
  • RAW AND UNDERCOOKED MEATS
  • SOFT RIPENED CHEESES
  • ALL UNPASTEURISED DAIRY PRODUCTS
  • MULTIVITAMIN SUBSTANCES HIGH IN VIT A
  • LIVER AND LIVER PRODUCTS
  • SHARK, MARLIN, SWORDFISH
  • FOODS HIGH IN CAFFEINE
53
Q

VIT A OR PROVITAMIN A; WHAT IS DANGEROUS TO THE DEVELOPING FETUS IF EXCESSIVE (TERATOGENIC!)?

54
Q

WHICH ORGANISATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING WEIGHT GAIN AND CALORIE INTAKE IN PREGNANCY IN THE UK?

A

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

55
Q

SUPPLEMENTS ALL PREGNANT WOMEN SHOULD TAKE?

A

VIT D AND FOLATE (B9)

56
Q

ARE THE GUDELINES FOR INTAKE OF MACRO OR MICRO NUTRIENTS MORE CHANGED DURING PREGNANCY?

A

MICRONUTRIENTS

MACRONUTRIENTS AREN’T REALLY CHANGED; INTAKE NEEDS TO BE INCREASED PROPORTIONALLY TO CALORIE INTAKE INCREASE

57
Q

WHEN IS OGTT DONE IN PREGNANCY?

A

BETWEEN 24 AND 28 WEEKS

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