PSYCHOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES OF FOOD CHOICES

Question 1

WHAT IS OPTIMISM BIAS?

Answer 1

IT IS LACK OF WORRY ABOUT PHYSICAL HEALTH DUE TO ABSENCE OF ILLNESS (PRESENT IN MANY YOUNG ADULTS INTERNATIONALLY)

Question 2

WHY DO WE EAT WHAT WE EAT?

Answer 2

HABITS AND DAILY PROCESSES LEARNT FROM OUR PARENTS, MEDIA, FRIENDS ETC
CULTURE
AFFECT (EMOTION; STRESS EATING, HEDONISTIC EATING)
OPTIMISM BIAS
HEALTH FOCUSED INTENTIONS

Question 3

WHAT DOES EATING HEALTHILY INVOLVE?

Answer 3

MONITORING AND MODERATE SELF-REGULATION ALONG WITH THE ABILITY TO ENJOY THE REWARDING ASPECTS OF FOOD WITHOUT LOSING CONTROL OVER EATING BEHAVIOUR

Question 4

HABITS DEFINITION:

Answer 4

LEARNED SEQUENCES OF ACTS THAT HAVE BECOME AUTOMATIC RESPONSES TO SPECIFIC CUES AND FUNCTION TO ACHIEVE CERTAIN GOALS/OBJECTIVES

Question 5

HOW ARE FOOD HABITS FORMED, EXPLAIN?

Answer 5

THROUGH OPERANT CONDITIONING; A TYPE OF LEARNING WHERE THE LIKELIHOOD OF BEHAVIOUR REOCCURRING BECOMES INCREASED WHEN IT LEADS TO A DESIRABLE OUTCOME (REINFORCEMENT) OR DECREASED WHEN IT LEADS TO UNDESIRABLE OUTCOME/LACK OF REWARD (PUNISHMENT)

Question 6

THE HABIT LOOP:

Answer 6

TRIGGER (THE REMINDER THAT SIGNALS US INTO A ROUTINE) —–>
ROUTINE (THE HABIT ITSELF, GOOD OR BAD) —–>
REWARD (THE POSITIVE FEEDBACK CLOSING THE LOOP)

Question 7

WHAT ARE CRAVINGS?

Answer 7

INTENSE, CONSCIOUS DESIRES TO CONSUME A CERTAIN FOOD

Question 8

2 TYPES OF CRAVINGS + EXPLANATIONS+ WHICH CAUSE MORE CRAVINGS?

Answer 8

TONIC CRAVING: IN THE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL CUE, TYPICALLY REFLECTING ABSTINENCE
CUE-INDUCED CRAVING; INDUCED BY FOOD ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR FOOD
- MOST CRAVINGS ARE A COMBINATION OF BOTH

Question 9

THE GROUNDED COGNITIVE THEORY OF DESIRE (GCTD):

Answer 9

• A BROAD THEORY THAT EXPLAINS COGNITION, PERCEPTION AND MOTIVATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH DESIRES AND CRAVINGS
• IDEA THAT WE DEVELOP SITUATED CONCEPTUALISATIONS THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES
• IN NEW SITUATIONS, THE BEST MATCHING SITUATED CONCEPTION BECOMES ACTIVE
• PATTERN COMPLETION MAKES INTERFERENCE OF WHAT SHOULD OCCUR NEXT AND ACTIVATES NEURAL AREAS ASSOCIATED WITH RELEVANT ASPECTS OF THE SITUATED CONCEPTUALISATION

Question 10

WHAT ARE SITUATED CONCEPTUALISATIONS?

Answer 10

WE DEVELOP THEM THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES AND THEY CONTAIN INFO ABOUT VARIOUS SITUATIONS WE ENCOUNTER, INTEGRATE INFO ACROSS DIFF SENSORY MODALITIES, ENVIRONMENT, ACTIONS, RELEVANT GOALS, COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE RESPONSES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES

Question 11

SITUATED CONCEPTIONS AND PATTERN COMPLETION ARE TERMS RELATED TO WHICH THEORY?

Answer 11

THE GROUNDED COGNITIVE THEORY OF DESIRE (GCTD)

Question 12

STRATEGIES FOR CRAVING CONTROL + EXPLANATIONS?

Answer 12

• CUE AVOIDANCE (NOT USEFUL FOR LONG TERM CHANGE)
• VIGILANT MONITORING (CONSCIOUS CONTROL OF BEHAVIOUR, CAN SUPPRESS SNACKING, NAIL-BITING AND PROCRASTINATING)
• MINDFULNESS-BASED DECENTERING (A PROCESS OF STEPPING OUTSIDE ONE’S OWN MENTAL EVENTS)

Question 13

STRATEGIES FOR DISRUPTING AND INTERRUPTING UNHEALTHY EATING HABITS?

Answer 13

CAN BE DONE BY:

• SHIFTS IN CUEING
• INTERRUPTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BEHAVIOUR
• IMPLEMENTING ATTENTIONAL RESOURCES (ATTENTION ISN’T NEEDED TO PERFORM A HABIT BUT IT IS TO BREAK IT)

Question 14

WHAT IS WILLPOWER (‘SELF-CONTROL’)?

Answer 14

THE ABILITY TO OVERRIDE ONE RESPONSE AND MAKE ANOTHER RESPONSE POSSIBLE
- THE OVERRIDEN BEHAVIOUR IS OFTEN HABITUAL OR IMPULSIVE WHILE THE ALTERNATIVE ALIGNS WITH GOALS, NORMS, MORALS..

Question 15

WHAT ARE EATING DISORDERS?

Answer 15

A RANGE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE UNHEALTHY EATING HABITS TO DEVELOP
THEY MAY START WITH AN OBSESSION WITH FOOD, BODY WEIGHT OR BODY SHAPE
SYMPTOMS: WORRYING ABOUT ONE’S WEIGHT, UNDER-EATING, PURGING (FORCED VOMITING, FASTING, LAXATIVES, DIURETICS, EXCESSIVE EXERCISE)

Question 16

EATING DISORDERS THAT CAN’T BE DIAGNOSED AS ANOREXIA NERVOSA, BULIMIA NERVOSA OR BINGE EATING DISORDER MIGHT BE DIAGNOSED AS:

Answer 16

‘OTHER SPECIFIED FEEDING OR EATING DISORDER’ (OSFED)

Question 17

2 SUBTYPES OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA?

Answer 17

RESTRICTIVE TYPE

BINGE EATING & PURGING TYPE

Question 18

ANOREXIA NERVOSA?

Answer 18

SUFFERERS VIEW THEMSELVES AS OVERWEIGHT NO MATTER WHAT SIZE THEY ARE
CONSTANTLY MONITOR THEIR WEIGHT AND FOOD INTAKE
2 SUBTYPES

Question 19

BULIMIA NERVOSA?

Answer 19

SUFFERERS EAT UNUSUALLY LARGE AMOUNTS OF FOOD IN A SPECIFIC PERIOD OF TIME AND LATER PURGE TO COMPENSATE FOR CALORIES CONSUMED OR FOR GUT DISCOMFORT

Question 20

BINGE EATING DISORDER?

Answer 20

SUFFERERS EAT UNUSUALLY LARGE AMOUNTS OF FOOD IN RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS OF TIME AND FEEL LACK OF CONTROL DURING BINGES
NOT ASSOCIATED WITH PURGING!!!

Question 21

EXAMPLES OF PROBLEMATIC EATING BEHAVIOURS NOT INCLUDED IN CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC MANUALS?

Answer 21

• NIGHT EATING SYNDROME (NES)
• ORTHOREXIA NERVOSA
• FOOD ADDICTION

Question 22

NIGHT EATING SYNDROME?

Answer 22

• NOT CLASSIFIED AS AN EATING DISORDER BUT PROBLEMATIC EATING BEHAVIOUR
• COMBINES OVEREATING AT NIGHT WITH SLEEP PROBLEMS

Question 23

ORTHOREXIA NERVOSA?

Answer 23

• NOT CLASSIFIED AS AN EATING DISORDER BUT PROBLEMATIC EATING BEHAVIOUR
• INVOLVES AN UNHEALTHY OBSESSION WITH HEALTHY EATING
• MOSTLY REVOLVES AROUND FOOD QUALITY AND NOT QUANTITY

Question 24

ORTHOREXIA NERVOSA IS MOSTLY ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD QUALITY OR QUANTITY?

Answer 24

QUALITY

Question 25

DOES FOOD ADDICTION AFFECT SAME AREAS OF THE BRAIN AS DRUG ADDICTION?

Answer 25

YES

Question 26

ANOREXIA VS BULIMIA, WHICH ONE IS CULTURE BOUND AND TO WHICH CULTURE?

Answer 26

BULIMIA IS A CULTURE BOUND SYNDROME TO WESTERN COUNTRIES

Question 27

AETIOLOGY OF ANOREXIA VS BULIMIA?

Answer 27

ANOREXIA MAY BE HERITABLE (LESS INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ETC.)

BULIMIA HAS MORE OF A PSYCHOSOCIAL AETIOLOGY

Question 28

INDIAN HINDUS AND SIKHS PROMOTE WHICH DIET?

Answer 28

VEGETARIANISM

Question 29

3 COUNTRIES WITH HIGHEST DIET RELATED DEATH RATES?

Answer 29

PAKISTAN, EGYPT AND UKRAINE

Question 30

3 COUNTRIES WITH THE LOWEST DIET-RELATED DEATHS?

Answer 30

JAPAN, FRANCE AND SPAIN

Question 31

WHICH SIZE AT BIRTH IS (WRONGLY) ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER HEALTH OUTCOMES IN SOME COUNTRIES?

Answer 31

LARGE FOR GESTATIONAL AGE

Question 32

HIGHER BMI IN WOMEN IS IN SOME COUNTRIES ASSOCIATED WITH WHICH POSITIVE ATTRIBUTES?

Answer 32

HEALTH, INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF SMOOTH PREGNANCY AND HEALTH BABIES, WEALTH, PROSPERITY

Question 33

HOW ARE THE FOREIGN FOOD CHAINS (LIKE KFC) PERCEIVED IN MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

Answer 33

• NOT PERCEIVED AS CHEAP OR ACCESSIBLE BUT SYMBOLIZE GREATER DISPOSABLE INCOME AND FINANCIAL ABILITY
• PERCEIVED AS SOCIALLY TRENDY
• INFLUENCE OF TV, FILM, SOCIAL MEDIA..