DIET TRENDS

Question 1

WHAT IS A CALORIE?

Answer 1

A UNIT OF ENERGY; ENERGY NEEDED TO RAISE 1 g OF WATER BY 1 DEGREE CELSIUS (IN NUTRITION IT IS KILOCALORIES; I.E. ENERGY NEEDED TO RAISE 1kg OF WATER BY 1 DEGREE CELSIUS)

Question 2

HOW IS FOOD ENERGY CONTENT MEASURED’

Answer 2

IN A BOMB CALORIMETER BY MEASURING THE AMOUNT OF HEAT THAT THE FOOD PRODUCES WHEN IT IS COMPLETELY BURNED IN PRESENCE OF O2

Question 3

WHAT IS TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE (TEE)?

Answer 3

TOTAL AMOUNT OF ENERGY USED TO PERFORM DAILY TASKS

Question 4

3 COMPONENTS OF TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE?

Answer 4

• BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR); AMOUNT OF ENERGY THE BODY NEEDS TO CONDUCT ITS BASIC FUNCTIONS
• DIET INDUCED THERMOGENESIS
• PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Question 5

WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME FOR BASAL METABOLIC RATE?

Answer 5

RESTING METABOLIC RATE

Question 6

WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME FOR DIET-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS?

Answer 6

THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD

Question 7

WHICH MACRONUTRIENT GIVES LEAST AND WHICH MOST DIT (DIET INDUCED THERMOGENESIS)?

Answer 7

FATS LESS

PROTEINS THE MOST

Question 8

HOW CAN ENERGY EXPENDITURE BE MEASURED?

Answer 8

INDIRECT CALORIMETRY

Question 9

EXPLAIN INDIRECT CALORIMETRY:

Answer 9

• CONCEPT IS TO MEASURE O2 USED AND CO2 PRODUCED TO ESTIMATE ENERGY CONSUMPTION (EXPENDITURE)
• VOLUME CO2/VOLUME O2 IS CALCULATED; GIVES US THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT (RQ), WHICH REFERS TO METABOLISM AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL
• WHEN THE RATIO IS ASSESSED BY RESPIRATORY GAS, IT IS CALLED RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO (RER)
• GIVEN THAT WE KNOW RER/RQ VALUES FOR DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES, THE NUMBER GOTTEN THROUGH THIS METHOD WILL ASSESS A PERSON’S PREFERRED SUBSTRATE/THE ONE THE USE UP THE MOST

Question 10

IS GLYCOLYSIS AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC?

Answer 10

ANAEROBIC

Question 11

WHICH GAS IS PRODUCED DURING THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE?

Answer 11

CO2

Question 12

WHAT IS THE RQ OF CARBOHYDRATES?

Answer 12

1 (CO2 PRODUCED AND 02 CONSUMED ARE EQUAL)

Question 13

IS FATTY ACID OXIDATION AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC?

Answer 13

AEROBIC

Question 14

RQ FOR FATS?

Answer 14

0.71; MORE O2 CONSUMED THAN CO2 PRODUCED

Question 15

RQ OF PROTEINS?

Answer 15

0.82

Question 16

ON A MIXED DIET, RQ NUMBER IS ALWAYS?

Answer 16

LESS THAN 1

Question 17

RER DETERMINED IN INDIRECT CALORIMETRY DOESN’T ACCOUNT FOR METABOLISM OF WHICH MACRONUTRIENT AND WHY?

Answer 17

PROTEIN, BECAUSE IN ORDER TO ACCURATELY MEASURE PROTEIN OXIDATION, URINARY AND SWEAT UREA ANALYSIS IS NEEDED

Question 18

IF RER NUMBER IS LOW (CLOSER TO 0.7) THE INDIVIDUAL IS LIKELY BURNING MORE FATS OR CARBS?

Answer 18

FATS

Question 19

CLASSIFICATION OF DIETS INTO CATEGORIES CAN BE DONE BASED ON:

Answer 19

• DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MEDICAL REASONS
• DIET BASED ON BELIEFS
• DIETS FOR WEIGHT CONTROL
• FAD DIETS

Question 20

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FASTING AND CALORIE RESTRICTION AND MAIN SIMILARITIY?

Answer 20

CR IS A CONSISTENT PATTERN OF REDUCING AVERAGE DAILY CALORIC INTAKE, WHILE FASTING FOCUSES MORE ON THE FREQUENCY OF EATING AND IT MAY OR MAY NOT INVOLVE RESTRICTING CALORIES DURING NON FASTING TIMES
IN BOTH CASES THERE IS NO MALNUTRITION OR DEPRIVATION IF ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS!

Question 21

APART FROM WEIGHT CONTROL, WHAT ARE SOME OTHER BENEFITS OF FASTING AND CALORIE RESTRICTION?

Answer 21

IMPROVEMENT OF HORMONAL BALANCE, BETTER CV FUNCTION, BETTER IMMUNE RESPONSE

Question 22

MAJOR PROBLEM IN THE FIELD OF FASTING?

Answer 22

LACK OF STANDARDIZATION OF THE FASTING PERIOD

Question 23

THE MOST IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CALORIC RESTRICTION AND INTERMITTENT FASTING IN TERMS OF THEIR BENEFITS?

Answer 23

CR IS THE ONLY INTERVENTION KNOWN TO DATE THAT CONSISTENTLY DECREASES THE BIOLOGICAL RATE OF AGEING AND INCREASES BOTH AVERAGE AND MAX LIFESPAN

Question 24

WHAT WAS THE FIRST RANDOMISED CONTROL TRIAL OF CALORIC RESTRICTION IN HUMANS?

Answer 24

THE CALERIE STUDY

• IN THE USA, LASTED ONLY 2 YRS
• THE CR GROUP WAS ASKED TO REDUCE INTAKE BY 25%, IN REALITY THEY DID IT BY 12%
• BENEFITS OBSERVED IN CR GROUP: LOWER CHOLESTEROL AND BP, IMPROVED INSULIN SENSITIVITY INDEX

Question 25

WHAT ARE SOME PROCESSES THAT ARE RELATED TO AGING AND CAN BE AFFECTED WITH CALORIE RESTRICTION?

Answer 25

INFLAMMATION
DNA MODIFICATIONS
OXIDATIVE STRESS
MAINTENANCE OF PROTEIN STRUCTURES
AUTOPHAGY...

Question 26

HOW IS AUTOPHAGY REGULATED IN CALORIE RESTRICTION?

Answer 26

• CR IS REGULATED BY LOW LEVELS OF GLUCOSE WHICH ACTIVATES AMPK
• DOWNSTREAM OF AMPK IS MOLECULE SIRTUIN (SIRT1) WHICH WHEN ACTIVATED INCREASES AUTOPHAGY
• CR AND AMPK WILL ALSO INHIBIT TORC1 SIGNALS THAT TURN OFF AUTOPHAGY
• RESULT IS INCREASE IN AUTOPHAGY IN ALL SPECIES

Question 27

HOW DOES SIRTUIN AFFECTS AUTOPHAGY?

Answer 27

IT INCREASES IT

Question 28

HOW DOES TORC1 AFFECT AUTOPHAGY?

Answer 28

IT TURNS IT OFF

Question 29

RESVERATROL CAN ACTIVATE A MOLECULES THAT INCREASES AUTOPHAGY. WHICH ONE IS IT?

Answer 29

SIRTUIN (SIRT1)

Question 30

SIRTUINS ARE INHIBITORS OF PPAR GENE, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR:

Answer 30

ADIPOSE TISSUE FUNCTION

Question 31

WHERE CAN RESVERATROL BE NATURALLY FOUND?

Answer 31

GRAPES, BLUEBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES

Question 32

WHAT IS THE BASIS OF ‘SIRTFOOD’ DIET?

Answer 32

EATING FOOD RICH IN RESVERATROL (I.E. BERRIES) WILL ACTIVATE SIRTUIN (SIRT1) WHICH WILL INHIBIT THE PPAR GENE WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR ADIPOSE TISSUE FUNCTION.
THIS WILL LEAD TO DECREASED ADIPOSE TISSUE AND WEIGHT LOSS.

Question 33

AMP AND ATP LEVELS FOR NEEDED FOR AMPK ACTIVATION?

Answer 33

HIGH AMP AND LOW ATP

Question 34

LIMITATIONS OF STUDIES ON CR:

Answer 34

• MOST CONDUCTED ON LABORATORY AND ANIMAL MODELS
• CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE BEEN SHORT
• MOST PARTICIPANTS IN CLINICAL TRIALS WERE OLDER ADULTS
• IT IS VERY CHALLENGING TO FOLLOW EXACTLY WHAT A PERSON HAS EATEN
• HUMANS ARE VERY DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER (MORE THAN E.G. LAB MICE) SO IT’S MORE DIFFICULT TO GET GENERALLY APPLICABLE RESULTS