vitamins Flashcards
vitamins are essential for —– , they —- be synthesised in the body , they are —- , need to be — to prevent disorders of metabolism
vitamins fall into 2 groups which are:
- normal metabolism
- cant be synthesised
- micro nutrients ( bc we need to consume them in micro grams )
- ingested
- fat soluble as: A,D,E,K
-water soluble as: b group and C
vitamins fall into 2 groups :
1. fat soluble which includes:
2. water soluble which is broken down into —- and —– by which this is broken down into :
- vitamin a –> retinoids
- vitamin d —> calcitriol
- vitamin e —> tocopherol
- vitamin k —> phylloquinone and menaquiones
2. water soluble broken down into : - non-b complex which is vitamin c –> ascorbic acid
- b- complex which is broken down into:
1- energy releasing - thiamin b1
- riboflavin b2
- niacin b3
- panothetic acid b5
- biotin b7
2- heamotopoietic - folic acid b9
- cobalamin b12
3- other: pyroxidine b6
dietary sources of fat soluble vitamins:
- vitamin A aka retinoids can be taken from:
1- animal sources in form of —-
2- plant sources in from of —–
we can get it from —-
- we get vitamin d from:
- we get vitamin k1 from:
- we get vitamin k2 from:
- we get vitamin e from:
- we get vitamin b complex from:
- vitamin c :
- retinyl esters ( REs)
- beta carotene ( pro vitamin A )
- sources : red meat , carrots , eggs , milk/diary , green , catantloupe , ( any orange coloured)
- sun , fortified milk
- green veggies
- gut microflora in large intestine
- seeds nuts oil and oily fish as salmon
- fish milk eggs broccoli
- fruits as cantaloupe , strawberries , oranges , kiwi
in vitamin a :
retinol, retinal , retinoic acid m and b carotene are —-
biochemical isoforms
in vitamin a:
retinol , retinal , retonoic acid are —
active forms
vitamin a fucntions are: ( think of eyes and immune system )
1- essential for —-
2- promotion of —-
3- differentiation and maintenance of —- cells
4- gene —-
5- maintenance of —-
vitamin a deficiency leads to:
symtoms :
toxicity:
- vision
- growth
- epithelial
- gene expression
- reproduction
- infertility, night blindnessm retardation of growth , xerophthalmia , impairment of immune system , dermatological skin problems
- symptoms: dryness of eyes m bitots spot
- yes , excess can lead to hypervitamintosis
- excess vitamin can increase fractures
true or false:
excess vitamin a can increase fractures and cause hypervitaminosis
true
vitamin d:
- cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol are the —–
- 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin d3 - calcitriol are the —–
- biochemical isoforms ( no need to remember these names)
- active forms ( need to know these)
vitamin d is responsible for the regulation of — uptake in the body
deficiency includes:
symptoms :
toxicity:
- calcium
- rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
- soft pliable bones bow shaped legs
- yes to toxicity
- application of sunscreen or presence of dark skin color decreases its sythesis
alpha tocopherol is the – of vitamin e and the deratives of tocopherol is the — form
fucntios include:
the deificnecy:
symptoms:
- biochemical isoforms
- active form
- anti oxidant , protects polyunstarutaed fatty acids PUFA from peroscidation
- rare but can happen
- rbc fragility leads to hemaolytic anemia , skletal pain
( note: benefit of supplementation not established in trails )
biochemical and active forms of vitamin k are:
fucntion:
deficiency:
symptoms :
toxicity:
- menaquinone and phylloquinone
- major role in coagulation cascade and acts as a cofactor
-occurs in new born haemorrhage disease of new born , rare in adults - bleeding
- rare
- produced by intestinal bacteria
absorption of fat soluble vitamins:
1.—- and — function needs to be intact for absorption
2. the fat soluble vitamins are cleaved from — proteins by — enzymes in —–
3. —- solubilises them for absoprtion into micelles and chylocomicrons
4- transported to the — for storage via —-
- pancreatic and biliary
- carrier
- pancreatic
- small intestine
- bile salts
- liver
- lymph system
hypervitaminosis :
vitamin d:
Exceed 10X RDA
(UL = 50mg/day)
Hypercalcaemia:
Ca deposits in tissues, joints,
lungs, brain, kidney (renal calculi)
Muscle weakness
vitamin a:
RDA: 700mcg/day for female;
900mcg/day for male. UL= 3000mcg/day
Acute: vomiting, vertigo, blurry vision
Chronic: hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxicity
bone and muscle pain, visual impairments
Teratogenic: Spontaneous loss of fetus; Fetal
malformations
vitamin e:
RDA= 15mg; Exceed >1000 mg α-tocopherol daily
Fatigue, headache, diarrhoea, blurred vision
Impaired blood coagulation
biochemical isoform of vitamin b1 is —- and the active form is —-
function:
deficiency leads to:
toxicity:
symptoms:
- thiamine
- thiamine prophosphate
- involved in the conversion of
pyruvate to acetyl CoA: glycolysis into the citric acid cycle, branched-chain amino acid oxidation
-Beriberi; Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome (common in indiviuals w high dependency of alcohol ) - none
- tachycardia, vomiting,
convulsion, apathy, loss of eye movements, loss of memory
vitamin b3:
- biochemical isoform:
- active form :
-function:
- deficiency leads to:
- smptoms:
- toxicity:
- niacin
- Form the coenzymes nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) - electron transfer
- Pellagra, known as the 3D
disease
-Diarrhoea, Dermatitis (photosensitive),
Dementia and (Death) - none
