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foundation of practice > proteins , lipids , carbs > Flashcards

proteins , lipids , carbs Flashcards

1
Q

amino acids contain —–

A
  • short hydrocarbon chains
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
    ( check the structure pls)
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2
Q

—- are precursors of nucleosides , neurotransmitter , haem and can be converted to carbs by — and there are —

A
  • amino acids
  • glycogenesis
  • 20
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3
Q

examples of:
1- small amino acids
2- amino acids that are bend

A
  • glycine and alanine
  • proline
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4
Q

valine , leucine , iosluene

A

branched amino acids

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5
Q

cystine and myothine both contain –

A

sulphur

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6
Q

amino acids that can be phosphorylated:

A

serine , threonine , and tyrosine

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7
Q

asparagine , serine m theorne all can become

A

glycoslated

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8
Q

amino acid that can be nitroslated is —-

A

cystenine

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9
Q

amino acids are formed into — and they are linked together by — this bond formed between : —- and —- and the formula is :
the chain has direction:
1- n terminus:
2- c terminus

A
  • polypeptide chain ( primary structure )
  • peptide chain ( aka amide bond)
  • carboxyl and amino
  • C (O) NH
  • start
  • end
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10
Q

— is the spatial arrangement of the primary structure and its determined by —- .
the sequence of the amino acid controls the —

A
  • secondary structure
  • hydrogen bonds
  • folding
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11
Q

these structure have a regular repetitive folding pattern and the most important ones are —- and —

A
  • secondary strucrure
  • b sheeted and alpha helix
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12
Q

the folding of the polypeptide is known as —- and they fold into a —-
this compact structure has — inside and — outside and is stabilised by wide ranges if binds and interactions of side chains such as :

A
  • tertiary
  • globular
  • hydrophobic
  • hydrophilic
  • disulfied bonds ( between 2 cysteine )
  • ionic bonds
  • hydrogen bonds
  • hydrophobic interactions
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13
Q

—- is the arrangement of protein subunit in a multi-metric protein and the 3d arrangement of more than one tertiary polypeptide and its consist of —– polypeptide chains and they may be different or the same and they are held together by :

A
  • quantetrnary
  • 2 or more
  • non-covenant interactions ( as: hydrogen , ionic and hydrophobic bonds ) and inter-chain disulphide bonds
    CHECK SLIDE PLSC 1333
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14
Q

The native conformation is the functionally fully — protein structure and it has a unique —- and it determines the —- such as:

A
  • folded
  • 3d
  • biological such as:
    enzymatic , protection , regualtion , signal , storage , transport
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15
Q

true or false:
the post transactional modification ( PTM ) is the physical modification of the protein after translation and the functional group is attached to the amino acids which results in a change in a protein function and increases the diversity od the proteome

A

false: chemical modification

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16
Q

some PTM :
1- phosphorylation+ phospahte :
2- glycosylation + sugar group :
3- ubiquitination + ubiquitin :
4- nitrosylation :

A
  • phosphoprotein
  • glycoproteins
  • death signal
  • NO ,nitric oxide
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17
Q

—- are heterogeneous groups of water-insoluble organic molecules

A

lipids

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18
Q

—- is major source or energy , structural component of the cells and organelles and involved in cellular signalling is known such as —–

A
  • lipid
  • such as: steroid , prostaglandin , and leukotriene
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19
Q

the classification of the lipids :

A

1- fatty acids and their derives
2- glycerol containing as:
- natural : mono/di/tri glyceride
- charged: phospholipids
3- non-containing glycerol
- steroids and sphiglipids
4- lipoproteins and lipopolysachrides

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20
Q

— is a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain w a terminal carboxyl group and is the basic unit of lipids and the two types are:

A
  • fatty acids
  • saturated and unsaturated
    ( check structure 18)
21
Q

—- are the ones w more than one double bond
—- refers to the position of the double bond from the omega end of the fatty acid chain
— refers to the position of the final double bond of the carboxyl end which is the three carbon from the omega or the tail end of the FA
— refers to the position of the final double bond of the carboxyl end which is the six carbon from the omega or the tail end of the FA

A
  • polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA
  • omega
  • omega 3
  • omega 6
    ( check structures )
22
Q

the carbon atoms are numbered starting with —- as carbon number one.
number before the : refers to —-
number after the = refers to —-

A
  • carboxyl group
  • number of carbons in the chain
  • numbers and positions of the double bond relative to the carvoxyk carbon
23
Q

prostaglandin and leukotriene are — fatty acids

A

signalling FA

24
Q

the characterstics below refers to which FA :
- short half live ( seconds )
- multible roles in inflammation and platelet homeostasis
- eicosonoids and PUFA 20
- sythesis in arachodnic acid ( 20:4 FA ) via COX
- potent

A

prostaglandin

25
Q

the characteristics below refers to which FA:
- longer half life ( up to 4 hrs)
- part of the eicosonoid fam
- synthesis: arachdidonc acid via LOX ( lipoxygenase )
- roles in inflammation and neutrophil adhesion

A

leokotriens

26
Q

— refers to the potent intracellular signaller and it motabilizes calcium

A

DAG - diacyclglycerol

27
Q

— refers to the breakdown of TAG in fat digestion

A

MAG - monocyglycgerol

28
Q

—the principle storage of energy in the body and is stored in adipose tissue

A

triglyceride made up of 3 FA and glyerol

29
Q

—- most component of the cell membrane and is amyphalitc w hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail and the head is — charged

A
  • phospholipids ( phosphogleycride or glycerophospolipid )
  • -ve
    CHECK THE STRUCTURE
30
Q

—- are structurally similar to phospholipids but instead of glycerol they contain —–

A
  • sphingolipids
  • c18 sphingosine
31
Q

Sphingomyelin, cerebrosides and gangliosides are components of —— abundant in
—– and the —-

A
  • cell membrane
  • nerve tissue and brain
32
Q

Phosphorylated sphingosine is a —–

A

signalling molecule

33
Q

—— Contain a characteristic fused ring system with a
hydroxyl or keto group on carbon 3

A

steroids

34
Q

the most essential steroid is —

A

cholesterol

35
Q

true or false:
steroids function as a metabolic precursor of vitamin d , bile acids and steroid hermones

A

true

36
Q

steroids play a key in the — of the membrane and we need a — supply of cholesterol , some of the major steroid classes include:

A
  • structure
  • constant
    -Other major steroid classes
    – Bile acids (24 carbons)
    – Progesterone and adrenocortical steroids (21
    carbons)
    – Androgens (19 carbons)
    – Estrogens (18 carbons)
37
Q

carbs are made up of —-

A
  • carbon
  • oxygen
  • hydrogen
37
Q

Spherical particles found in plasma that
transport lipids including cholesterol are called —-

A

lipoproteins (They are chylomicrons, very low density
lipoproteins(VLDL), low density lipoprotein
(LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL))
other info:
* Hydrophobic core of triacylglycerols and
cholesteryl esters
* Phospholipid layer associated with
cholesterol and protein

38
Q

a few monoshacride linked together is called —-while many monoshardides linked is called — such as :

A
  • oligosacrides
  • polysacride as starch and glycogen
39
Q

— are the simplest sugar and their empirical formula is (CH20)n where n can be : and they hydrogen to oxygen ratio is :

A
  • monosaccharide
  • n 3-7
  • 2:1
40
Q

when :
* n = 3 carbons:
* n = 5 carbons:
* n = 6 carbons:
- the poly-hydroxy aldyehde and ketone are known as:

A
  • trios as glyceraldyhde
  • penstose as ribose
  • hexose as glucose
  • aldose and ketose ( checl slide 30 , 31 )
41
Q

the name of the bond depends on:

A
  • number of connected cabons
  • the position of manometric hydroxyl group ( if oh in alpha configuration it will be in alpha bond and so does the beta )
    ( check example on slide 32)
42
Q

when n is greater than 12 - hundred we call that —, variations can occur in the chains :

A
  • polyscahrides
  • monosharide , glucosidic bond , branch points , structure ( check strucure on slide 34)
43
Q

is a polysaccharide and is a homopolymers gluscose stored in animals and the branches very 12-14 resides

A

glycogen

44
Q

— has alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6

A

glycogen

45
Q

— is a homopolymers of glucose stored in plants

A

strach such as:
1- amylocpetin ( 80-85%) branches every 24-30 residue and is alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6
2- amylose is ( 15-20%) non branched helical structure and is alpha 1-4

46
Q

a polysahdirde structred in plants and is a homopolymers of glucose and is a long straight chain of beta 1-4

A

cellelous

47
Q

—– bonds refers to bonds between 2 sugars in disachrdie as:

A
  • glycosidic bond
  • glucose:
    b galactose+ glucose
48
Q

true or false:
the monoschatdie love to be cyclasic and its referred to as anemtric carbon
in aldehyde: it occurs in carbon 1
in ketone it occurs in carbon 2

A

true

foundation of practice (59 decks)

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