proteins , lipids , carbs

Question 1

amino acids contain —–

Answer 1

• short hydrocarbon chains
• oxygen
• nitrogen
  ( check the structure pls)

Question 2

—- are precursors of nucleosides , neurotransmitter , haem and can be converted to carbs by — and there are —

Answer 2

• amino acids
• glycogenesis
• 20

Question 3

examples of:
1- small amino acids
2- amino acids that are bend

Answer 3

• glycine and alanine
• proline

Question 4

valine , leucine , iosluene

Answer 4

branched amino acids

Question 5

cystine and myothine both contain –

Answer 5

sulphur

Question 6

amino acids that can be phosphorylated:

Answer 6

serine , threonine , and tyrosine

Question 7

asparagine , serine m theorne all can become

Answer 7

glycoslated

Question 8

amino acid that can be nitroslated is —-

Answer 8

cystenine

Question 9

amino acids are formed into — and they are linked together by — this bond formed between : —- and —- and the formula is :
the chain has direction:
1- n terminus:
2- c terminus

Answer 9

• polypeptide chain ( primary structure )
• peptide chain ( aka amide bond)
• carboxyl and amino
• C (O) NH
• start
• end

Question 10

— is the spatial arrangement of the primary structure and its determined by —- .
the sequence of the amino acid controls the —

Answer 10

• secondary structure
• hydrogen bonds
• folding

Question 11

these structure have a regular repetitive folding pattern and the most important ones are —- and —

Answer 11

• secondary strucrure
• b sheeted and alpha helix

Question 12

the folding of the polypeptide is known as —- and they fold into a —-
this compact structure has — inside and — outside and is stabilised by wide ranges if binds and interactions of side chains such as :

Answer 12

• tertiary
• globular
• hydrophobic
• hydrophilic
• disulfied bonds ( between 2 cysteine )
• ionic bonds
• hydrogen bonds
• hydrophobic interactions

Question 13

—- is the arrangement of protein subunit in a multi-metric protein and the 3d arrangement of more than one tertiary polypeptide and its consist of —– polypeptide chains and they may be different or the same and they are held together by :

Answer 13

• quantetrnary
• 2 or more
• non-covenant interactions ( as: hydrogen , ionic and hydrophobic bonds ) and inter-chain disulphide bonds
  CHECK SLIDE PLSC 1333

Question 14

The native conformation is the functionally fully — protein structure and it has a unique —- and it determines the —- such as:

Answer 14

• folded
• 3d
• biological such as:
  enzymatic , protection , regualtion , signal , storage , transport

Question 15

true or false:
the post transactional modification ( PTM ) is the physical modification of the protein after translation and the functional group is attached to the amino acids which results in a change in a protein function and increases the diversity od the proteome

Answer 15

false: chemical modification

Question 16

some PTM :
1- phosphorylation+ phospahte :
2- glycosylation + sugar group :
3- ubiquitination + ubiquitin :
4- nitrosylation :

Answer 16

• phosphoprotein
• glycoproteins
• death signal
• NO ,nitric oxide

Question 17

—- are heterogeneous groups of water-insoluble organic molecules

Answer 17

lipids

Question 18

—- is major source or energy , structural component of the cells and organelles and involved in cellular signalling is known such as —–

Answer 18

• lipid
• such as: steroid , prostaglandin , and leukotriene

Question 19

the classification of the lipids :

Answer 19

1- fatty acids and their derives
2- glycerol containing as:
- natural : mono/di/tri glyceride
- charged: phospholipids
3- non-containing glycerol
- steroids and sphiglipids
4- lipoproteins and lipopolysachrides

Question 20

— is a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain w a terminal carboxyl group and is the basic unit of lipids and the two types are:

Answer 20

• fatty acids
• saturated and unsaturated
  ( check structure 18)

Question 21

—- are the ones w more than one double bond
—- refers to the position of the double bond from the omega end of the fatty acid chain
— refers to the position of the final double bond of the carboxyl end which is the three carbon from the omega or the tail end of the FA
— refers to the position of the final double bond of the carboxyl end which is the six carbon from the omega or the tail end of the FA

Answer 21

• polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA
• omega
• omega 3
• omega 6
  ( check structures )

Question 22

the carbon atoms are numbered starting with —- as carbon number one.
number before the : refers to —-
number after the = refers to —-

Answer 22

• carboxyl group
• number of carbons in the chain
• numbers and positions of the double bond relative to the carvoxyk carbon

Question 23

prostaglandin and leukotriene are — fatty acids

Answer 23

signalling FA

Question 24

the characterstics below refers to which FA :
- short half live ( seconds )
- multible roles in inflammation and platelet homeostasis
- eicosonoids and PUFA 20
- sythesis in arachodnic acid ( 20:4 FA ) via COX
- potent

Answer 24

prostaglandin

Question 25

the characteristics below refers to which FA:
- longer half life ( up to 4 hrs)
- part of the eicosonoid fam
- synthesis: arachdidonc acid via LOX ( lipoxygenase )
- roles in inflammation and neutrophil adhesion

Answer 25

leokotriens

Question 26

— refers to the potent intracellular signaller and it motabilizes calcium

Answer 26

DAG - diacyclglycerol

Question 27

— refers to the breakdown of TAG in fat digestion

Answer 27

MAG - monocyglycgerol

Question 28

—the principle storage of energy in the body and is stored in adipose tissue

Answer 28

triglyceride made up of 3 FA and glyerol

Question 29

—- most component of the cell membrane and is amyphalitc w hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail and the head is — charged

Answer 29

• phospholipids ( phosphogleycride or glycerophospolipid )
• -ve
  CHECK THE STRUCTURE

Question 30

—- are structurally similar to phospholipids but instead of glycerol they contain —–

Answer 30

• sphingolipids
• c18 sphingosine

Question 31

Sphingomyelin, cerebrosides and gangliosides are components of —— abundant in
—– and the —-

Answer 31

• cell membrane
• nerve tissue and brain

Question 32

Phosphorylated sphingosine is a —–

Answer 32

signalling molecule

Question 33

—— Contain a characteristic fused ring system with a
hydroxyl or keto group on carbon 3

Answer 33

steroids

Question 34

the most essential steroid is —

Answer 34

cholesterol

Question 35

true or false:
steroids function as a metabolic precursor of vitamin d , bile acids and steroid hermones

Answer 35

true

Question 36

steroids play a key in the — of the membrane and we need a — supply of cholesterol , some of the major steroid classes include:

Answer 36

• structure
• constant
  -Other major steroid classes
  – Bile acids (24 carbons)
  – Progesterone and adrenocortical steroids (21
  carbons)
  – Androgens (19 carbons)
  – Estrogens (18 carbons)

Question 37

carbs are made up of —-

Answer 37

• carbon
• oxygen
• hydrogen

Question 37

Spherical particles found in plasma that
transport lipids including cholesterol are called —-

Answer 37

lipoproteins (They are chylomicrons, very low density
lipoproteins(VLDL), low density lipoprotein
(LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL))
other info:
* Hydrophobic core of triacylglycerols and
cholesteryl esters
* Phospholipid layer associated with
cholesterol and protein

Question 38

a few monoshacride linked together is called —-while many monoshardides linked is called — such as :

Answer 38

• oligosacrides
• polysacride as starch and glycogen

Question 39

— are the simplest sugar and their empirical formula is (CH20)n where n can be : and they hydrogen to oxygen ratio is :

Answer 39

• monosaccharide
• n 3-7
• 2:1

Question 40

when :
* n = 3 carbons:
* n = 5 carbons:
* n = 6 carbons:
- the poly-hydroxy aldyehde and ketone are known as:

Answer 40

• trios as glyceraldyhde
• penstose as ribose
• hexose as glucose
• aldose and ketose ( checl slide 30 , 31 )

Question 41

the name of the bond depends on:

Answer 41

• number of connected cabons
• the position of manometric hydroxyl group ( if oh in alpha configuration it will be in alpha bond and so does the beta )
  ( check example on slide 32)

Question 42

when n is greater than 12 - hundred we call that —, variations can occur in the chains :

Answer 42

• polyscahrides
• monosharide , glucosidic bond , branch points , structure ( check strucure on slide 34)

Question 43

is a polysaccharide and is a homopolymers gluscose stored in animals and the branches very 12-14 resides

Answer 43

glycogen

Question 44

— has alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6

Answer 44

glycogen

Question 45

— is a homopolymers of glucose stored in plants

Answer 45

strach such as:
1- amylocpetin ( 80-85%) branches every 24-30 residue and is alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6
2- amylose is ( 15-20%) non branched helical structure and is alpha 1-4

Question 46

a polysahdirde structred in plants and is a homopolymers of glucose and is a long straight chain of beta 1-4

Answer 46

cellelous

Question 47

—– bonds refers to bonds between 2 sugars in disachrdie as:

Answer 47

• glycosidic bond
• glucose:
  b galactose+ glucose

Question 48

true or false:
the monoschatdie love to be cyclasic and its referred to as anemtric carbon
in aldehyde: it occurs in carbon 1
in ketone it occurs in carbon 2

Answer 48

true