intro to pharmacology

Question 1

—- are substances that have beneficial biological activity , doesnt include —- as vitamins , however when used in excess of normal dietary intake they are —

Answer 1

• drugs
• dieary factors
• drugs

Question 2

drugs originally came from — extracts , they are traditionally considered to be — synthetic moliiucles.
More recently sources of drugs can be from :

Answer 2

• herbal
• small
• proteins , nucleic acids , microbial products and animal products

Question 3

another early medicine on where drugs came from was from —- however it increases the likelihood of — , the quantity of active ingredient present is —

Answer 3

• plant sources
• toxicity
• unknown

Question 4

rather than the use of plant extracts we now purify the —- ingredient.
- one approach is to take a known —- remedy and extract —-
- another approach is to —- plant extracts for a —- activity

Answer 4

• active
• herbal
• active ingredient
• screen
• biological

Question 5

Many active ingredients have been extracted from herbal medicines and used in their pure form such as:

Answer 5

-Aspirin (Willow bark)
-Digitalis (Foxglove)
-Quinine (Cinchona tree)
-Morphine (Poppy)

Question 6

microbe-derived drugs are —- agents isolated from microbes by which these microbes produce a lot of products and some can have —- activity.
—– allows for screening of many thousands of drugs

Answer 6

• anti-microbial agents
• biological
• screening supernatants

Question 7

microbe derived drug penicillin is derived from —- ( peniclium notatum ) and they are identified by its ability to kill —–

Answer 7

• fungus
• staphylococcus

Question 8

many antibiotics are derived from —

Answer 8

microbes

Question 9

immunosupresents can be also derived from —-
examples are:

Answer 9

• microbe-derive drugs
  1.Cyclosporine isolated from Tolypocladium inflatumgams a soil fungus

2.Tacrolimus isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis

3.Rapamycin isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopics

All inhibit the immune system

Question 10

true or false:
-animal tissue have also been a source of traditional medicine
- bear bile is used in Chinese medicine
- Many interactions are between proteins, and small molecule inhibitors are not possible

Answer 10

true

Question 11

1-heparin is from — and used for —-
2- hirudin is from – and its used for —-
3- eptifibatide is derived from — and used as —-

Answer 11

• pigs for anticoagulant
• leeches for anticoagulant
• derived from viper genome for anti platelet
  ( all of these are modern use of animal tissue as drugs )

Question 12

conventional pharmacology uses ——-
origins of early 19th century within the purification of morphone quinine , strychnine and cocaine
one of the first drugs to be sythesised was —-

Answer 12

• small synthetic molecules
• acetylsalyclcic acid ( aspirin )

Question 13

drug discovery approaches can be : —– or —-
1- —- led discovery is to choose a drug target ( protein ) , screen chemicals for binding to target nd thus mechanism is known and effect is predicted
2. —- led discovery is to select a chemical , screen for biological activity and the mechanism is often unknown but effect is known

Answer 13

• target and chemistry led
  1. target
  2. chemistry

Question 14

recent advances in biotechnology has changed the options for therapy these include:

Answer 14

Recombinant engineered proteins
Nucleic acid-based therapeutics
Gene therapy approaches
Cell-based therapies

Question 15

• protein therapies:
  -proteins have long been used as —-
• purification of —- and its use to treat diabetes
• since then other hormones and coagulation factors were purified and used
  advantages include:
  disadvantages include:

Answer 15

• drug
• insulin
• plentiful , effective and easy to isolate
• require blood donation , infection risk m difficult to further modify . recombinant proteins solve this problem

Question 16

-recombinant protein therapies is when protein is not — from blood , but protein encoding gene — into cell lie
-cells generate recombinant protein is generated and purified
- —- potential for viral contamination
- includes:

Answer 16

• isolated
• cloned
• limited
  1.Insulin
  2.Erythropoietin
  3.Interferon
  4.Factor VIII and IX

Question 17

—- producing cells from spleen fused w —- producing antibody secreting cancer cells aka —–
this therapy is known as —-

Answer 17

• antibody
• myeloma cells ( cancer cells )
• hybridoma cells
• monoclonal antibody therapy which is used to fight cancer

Question 18

advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibody therapy:

Answer 18

-advantages:
1.Single epitope on a single antigen
2.It is not necessary to use animals in the production
3.Large amounts of antibody can be produced
4.Predictable batch properties
- disadvantages:
- expensive to make
- have to be given IV

Question 19

read: ( not important )
monoclonal antibody nomenclature

Answer 19

Mouse Moabs –omab
Tositumomab

Chimeric antibodies -ximab
Infliximab

Humanized antibodies –zumab
Natalizumab

Human antibodies -umab
Adalimumab

Question 20

nucleic acid can be used as — :
1. —- molecules as:
- mRNA exist as a single sense molecule , complementary mRNA chain can bind and inhibit the transcription
2. —– nucleic acid sequence that bind to proteins

Answer 20

• drugs
• antisense molecules
• aptamers
  ( PATISARAN
  FDA-approved RNAi therapy for hereditary amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (or malfunction of nerves)
  )

Question 21

—– therapy can be used due rot genetic mutation , some disease the expression of a gene is suppressed due to the pathological process

Answer 21

gene therapy

Question 22

cell based therapy can be involved in:
1- introduction of —- cells to treat disease
2. application of — to renew existing cell defects or deficits

Answer 22

• genetically modified
• stem cells

Question 23

adoptive cell transfer therapy are — drugs

Answer 23

• living

Question 24

——- therapy use patients own T cells being isolated and genetically mofieid to express synthetic receptors on their surface recognise tumour antigens

Answer 24

CAR T-cell therapy ( chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy )

Question 25

true or false:
the CAR t-cell are bad for destroying malignant cells

Answer 25

false , they are then better able to destroy them

Question 26

the most common use for stem cell therapy is for the treatment of —- as these cells can graft and replaced damaged or missing tissue but field still new

Answer 26

leukimea

Question 27

• devices are regulated by different legislation to drugs
• recently the divide between the two areas have been blurred ( are medical devices drugs )
• use of stent is very important in —- where vessel re-occulsion is problematic
• —– stents are very effective at reducing re occlusion

Answer 27

• cardiology
• drug coated stent