intro to pharmacology Flashcards
—- are substances that have beneficial biological activity , doesnt include —- as vitamins , however when used in excess of normal dietary intake they are —
- drugs
- dieary factors
- drugs
drugs originally came from — extracts , they are traditionally considered to be — synthetic moliiucles.
More recently sources of drugs can be from :
- herbal
- small
- proteins , nucleic acids , microbial products and animal products
another early medicine on where drugs came from was from —- however it increases the likelihood of — , the quantity of active ingredient present is —
- plant sources
- toxicity
- unknown
rather than the use of plant extracts we now purify the —- ingredient.
- one approach is to take a known —- remedy and extract —-
- another approach is to —- plant extracts for a —- activity
- active
- herbal
- active ingredient
- screen
- biological
Many active ingredients have been extracted from herbal medicines and used in their pure form such as:
-Aspirin (Willow bark)
-Digitalis (Foxglove)
-Quinine (Cinchona tree)
-Morphine (Poppy)
microbe-derived drugs are —- agents isolated from microbes by which these microbes produce a lot of products and some can have —- activity.
—– allows for screening of many thousands of drugs
- anti-microbial agents
- biological
- screening supernatants
microbe derived drug penicillin is derived from —- ( peniclium notatum ) and they are identified by its ability to kill —–
- fungus
- staphylococcus
many antibiotics are derived from —
microbes
immunosupresents can be also derived from —-
examples are:
- microbe-derive drugs
1.Cyclosporine isolated from Tolypocladium inflatumgams a soil fungus
2.Tacrolimus isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis
3.Rapamycin isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopics
All inhibit the immune system
true or false:
-animal tissue have also been a source of traditional medicine
- bear bile is used in Chinese medicine
- Many interactions are between proteins, and small molecule inhibitors are not possible
true
1-heparin is from — and used for —-
2- hirudin is from – and its used for —-
3- eptifibatide is derived from — and used as —-
- pigs for anticoagulant
- leeches for anticoagulant
- derived from viper genome for anti platelet
( all of these are modern use of animal tissue as drugs )
conventional pharmacology uses ——-
origins of early 19th century within the purification of morphone quinine , strychnine and cocaine
one of the first drugs to be sythesised was —-
- small synthetic molecules
- acetylsalyclcic acid ( aspirin )
drug discovery approaches can be : —– or —-
1- —- led discovery is to choose a drug target ( protein ) , screen chemicals for binding to target nd thus mechanism is known and effect is predicted
2. —- led discovery is to select a chemical , screen for biological activity and the mechanism is often unknown but effect is known
- target and chemistry led
1. target
2. chemistry
recent advances in biotechnology has changed the options for therapy these include:
Recombinant engineered proteins
Nucleic acid-based therapeutics
Gene therapy approaches
Cell-based therapies
- protein therapies:
-proteins have long been used as —- - purification of —- and its use to treat diabetes
- since then other hormones and coagulation factors were purified and used
advantages include:
disadvantages include:
- drug
- insulin
- plentiful , effective and easy to isolate
- require blood donation , infection risk m difficult to further modify . recombinant proteins solve this problem
-recombinant protein therapies is when protein is not — from blood , but protein encoding gene — into cell lie
-cells generate recombinant protein is generated and purified
- —- potential for viral contamination
- includes:
- isolated
- cloned
- limited
1.Insulin
2.Erythropoietin
3.Interferon
4.Factor VIII and IX
—- producing cells from spleen fused w —- producing antibody secreting cancer cells aka —–
this therapy is known as —-
- antibody
- myeloma cells ( cancer cells )
- hybridoma cells
- monoclonal antibody therapy which is used to fight cancer
advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibody therapy:
-advantages:
1.Single epitope on a single antigen
2.It is not necessary to use animals in the production
3.Large amounts of antibody can be produced
4.Predictable batch properties
- disadvantages:
- expensive to make
- have to be given IV
read: ( not important )
monoclonal antibody nomenclature
Mouse Moabs –omab
Tositumomab
Chimeric antibodies -ximab
Infliximab
Humanized antibodies –zumab
Natalizumab
Human antibodies -umab
Adalimumab
nucleic acid can be used as — :
1. —- molecules as:
- mRNA exist as a single sense molecule , complementary mRNA chain can bind and inhibit the transcription
2. —– nucleic acid sequence that bind to proteins
- drugs
- antisense molecules
- aptamers
( PATISARAN
FDA-approved RNAi therapy for hereditary amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (or malfunction of nerves)
)
—– therapy can be used due rot genetic mutation , some disease the expression of a gene is suppressed due to the pathological process
gene therapy
cell based therapy can be involved in:
1- introduction of —- cells to treat disease
2. application of — to renew existing cell defects or deficits
- genetically modified
- stem cells
adoptive cell transfer therapy are — drugs
- living
——- therapy use patients own T cells being isolated and genetically mofieid to express synthetic receptors on their surface recognise tumour antigens
CAR T-cell therapy ( chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy )
true or false:
the CAR t-cell are bad for destroying malignant cells
false , they are then better able to destroy them
the most common use for stem cell therapy is for the treatment of —- as these cells can graft and replaced damaged or missing tissue but field still new
leukimea
- devices are regulated by different legislation to drugs
- recently the divide between the two areas have been blurred ( are medical devices drugs )
- use of stent is very important in —- where vessel re-occulsion is problematic
- —– stents are very effective at reducing re occlusion
- cardiology
- drug coated stent
