metabolism Flashcards
metabolism is a set of —- reactions essential for life and these reactions are divided into:
1. —- reaction involves the breakdown of organic matter to produce energy for cellular respiration
2. — reactions involve the sythesis of complex molecules essential for life but which consumes energy
- chemical
- catabolic
- anabolic
( check slide 4)
—- refers to breaking down
—– refers to building up
- catabolism
- anabolic
3 steps of anabolism includes :
1. forms —-
2. forms —- molecules from —- precursors
3. — these complex molicules together
and the result of anabolism include:
- precursors
- complex
- simple
- link
- proteins dna rna lipids carbs
steps of catabolism :
1. —- of complex molecules to their component building blocks
2. —- of building blocks to —– or other simple intermediates
3. —- of acetyl CoA , oxidative phosphorylation
- hydrolysis
- conversion
- acetyl CoA
- oxidation
carbs ( starch ) —> glucose ( monosaccharide ) –> energy out is an example of :
glucose used as a building block to make glycogen <—- energy input is an example of :
the energy generated from —- can be used in —- pathways
- catabolism
- anabolism
- catabolic
- anabolic
- energy sources include:
- where do they come from :
- ATP: high energy phosphate group
- NADH: high energy electron - reducing power
- NADPH: high energy electron - reducing power
- FADH2: high energy electron - reducing power
- they come from : catabolic reactions as glycolysis and TCA cycle
atp is the energy stored in —- bonds and can be used to do work in cells and in anabolic reactions
the cleavage of atp to — releases energy
the formula:
the free energy released tp put in work in cell as:
- phosphate
- adp
- atp —> adp + pi
- mechanical work in muscle contraction
- transport work as k= ATPase
- biosynthetic work as amino acids , FAs and urea
—- is an energy carrier
atp
energy production through —–
energy utilisation through —-
- catabolism as carbs lipids protein
- thermogenis , biosytheis macromolicules , muscle contraction , ion transport
in ATP-ADP cycle :
energy requiring processs in the body use the energy from —- of atp
to generate atp need to — fuels aka breaking down
- hydrolisis
- oxidise
each step in the metabolic pathway is controlled by —- which enable energetically —— reactions to proceed
by the process of ——— or —— metabolic pathways respond to —- to cellular or body enevironemt and need
- enzymes
- enzyme inhibition or activation
- changes
change in free energy is known as;
the energy available to do work is :
all process in the body/cell involve — in energy
- triangle G
- triangle G
- changes
true or false:
the triangle G predicts whether a reaction is favourable or not
true
when triangle G is positive the reaction is —- which means it requires —- aka — reaction
when the triangle G is negative the reaction is —– and it —- energy aka —– reaction
- unfavourable
- energy
- endorgonic
- favorable
- releases
- exorgenic
( check slide 12 ,13,14 for the graphs )
atp hydrolysis can drive energetically —- reactions
example:
the first step of glycolysis is the synthesis of —– from glucose
-unfavourable
- glucose-6-phosphate
( glucose + pi —> glucose-6-phosphate )
glucose + atp —> g-6-p + adp is an example of
when g is -ve aka favorable
NAD+ and FAD are examples of —–
formulas include:
coenzymes
NAD+ + 2h+ + 2e- —> NADH + H+
FAD + 2h+ + 2e- ——> FADH2
( the electrons contain a lot of energy and these electrons can go from oxidised form to reduced form )
coupled redox reaction:
during catabolism the hydrogen from the substrate trasferred to ——- aka —–
——— will be —– to —– in ——- located at the inner mitochondrial membrane
- nad+ and fad
- dehydrogenase
- NADH , FADH2
- reoxidised
- NAD+ and FAD
- electron transport chain by 02
( check slide 21 for more info plsss)
electron transport chain inner mitochondria membrane , energy from ——- generated during —- and —- is used to make ATP
—- is the finally receptor of electrons
- NADH , FADH2
- glycolysis
- TCA cycle
- oxygen
( the process of glycolysis:
glucose —> pyruvate —> pyruvate dehydrogenase in matrix —> acetyl CoA —> TCA Kyle metric except succ DH which is also part of complex II of the electron transport chain and located in the inner mitochondrial membrane )
in atp production ( aerobic )
— molecules of atp per NADH + H+
— molecules of ATP per FADH2
the conversion in electron transport chain — glucose molecule results in — or — depending which shuttle system us used to transfer e from NADH generated in glycolysis into mitochondrion
- 3
-2 - 1
- 36 or 38 atp
the final common pathway for the coenzymes —– produced in —- and —— is the ——– in oxidative phosphorylation .
the reduced coenzymes — a pair of electrons to electron carriers ( acetyl coA)
electrons passed down the ETC will — energy and generate —- . energy not converted to atp used to trasnport CA+2 and generate —-
—- in adipose tissues are body principle storage form of energy and their breakdown leads to large amount of ——–
—– can be used to replenish TCA cycle intermediates and some can be converted to —-
- NADH + FADH2+
- catabolism
- TCA cycle
- electron transport chain
- donate
- lose
- ATP
- heat
-TGs - acetyl CoA and NADH
- amino acids
- pyruvate
1.— the addition of elections
2.—- the removal of electrons
3. NAD+ + 2e- + 2h+ —> NADH + h+ is —-
4. NADH + H+ —> NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ is —-
5. energy released is harvested as — by —– eg. transport of 2e- from NADH to 02 via etc prdocues 52.5kcal
6. energy required to produce — ATPs from ADP+ pi = 3 x7.3 = 21.0kcal and the balance released as heat
7. the transport of —- e- from FADH to 02 produces —-
- reduction
- oxidation
- reduction
- oxidation
- ATP
- oxidative phosphorylation
- 3
- 2
- 2 atps
under — conditions only —– atp/molicule of glucose s pyruvate converted to — in a reaction that consumes —- NADH
- anaerobic
- 2
- lactate
- 2
catabolic reactions provide intermediate for —– reactions
anabolic
true or false:
1. the TCA cycle provides a pool of metabolic intermediates
as: oxaloactetae is used in gluceogenesis to make glucose
as: acetyl coA is also a substrate for biosynthetic reactions as: synthesis of fatty acids , cholesterol , ketone bodies
2. the TCA cycle is not aliphatic
3. the TCA cycle is involved in anabolic and catabolic reactions
4. glycogenesis refers to the scythes of glucose form non carbs precursor which maintains blood glucose during fasting
5. the amount of coverage gives the importance for the enzymes
- true
- false it is amphilatic
3.true - true
- true
mechanism regulating metabolic pathways:
- Feedback Inhibition e.g. NADH can inihibit enzymes
involved in its production, NAD+ can stimulate - Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation e.g. pyruvate
dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase - Hormonal regulation eg insulin, glucagon
- Allosteric regulation eg ATP, acetyl CoA, Ca2+
- Availability of substrates e.g. availability of oxaloacetate
regulates citrate synthase activity - Oxygen availability
In the absence of oxygen glucose catabolism ends with conversion of
pyruvate to lactate. No energy generation by TCA cycle or ETC
Hypoxia/anoxia – failure of oxidative phosphorylation
Ischaemia– no ATP synthesis, shutdown of energy-dependent
processes, osmotic imbalance due to failure of ATP-dependent ion
pumps, pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibited, increased lactate, decreased ph
enzymes reactions in metabolic pathways
PATHWAYS THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
* Regulated enzymes esp. rate limiting enzymes
* Enzyme reactions generating energy – GTP, ATP, NADH,
FADH2, (NADPH in pentose phosphate pathway)
* Key enzymes in energy generation:
Dehydrogenases – NADH, FADH2, NADPH
Kinases – GTP, ATP
* The amount of coverage reflects the importance of the
enzyme
steps for the inborn errors of metabolism
mutation in gene –> defective protein —> impaired function –> disease/disorder
the consequences of imparted enzyme action ( due to mutation
- accumulation of substrate
- deficiency of product
- diversion to alternate product
( loss of enzyme function so products cant be made )
