metabolism Flashcards
metabolism is a set of —- reactions essential for life and these reactions are divided into:
1. —- reaction involves the breakdown of organic matter to produce energy for cellular respiration
2. — reactions involve the sythesis of complex molecules essential for life but which consumes energy
- chemical
- catabolic
- anabolic
( check slide 4)
—- refers to breaking down
—– refers to building up
- catabolism
- anabolic
3 steps of anabolism includes :
1. forms —-
2. forms —- molecules from —- precursors
3. — these complex molicules together
and the result of anabolism include:
- precursors
- complex
- simple
- link
- proteins dna rna lipids carbs
steps of catabolism :
1. —- of complex molecules to their component building blocks
2. —- of building blocks to —– or other simple intermediates
3. —- of acetyl CoA , oxidative phosphorylation
- hydrolysis
- conversion
- acetyl CoA
- oxidation
carbs ( starch ) —> glucose ( monosaccharide ) –> energy out is an example of :
glucose used as a building block to make glycogen <—- energy input is an example of :
the energy generated from —- can be used in —- pathways
- catabolism
- anabolism
- catabolic
- anabolic
- energy sources include:
- where do they come from :
- ATP: high energy phosphate group
- NADH: high energy electron - reducing power
- NADPH: high energy electron - reducing power
- FADH2: high energy electron - reducing power
- they come from : catabolic reactions as glycolysis and TCA cycle
atp is the energy stored in —- bonds and can be used to do work in cells and in anabolic reactions
the cleavage of atp to — releases energy
the formula:
the free energy released tp put in work in cell as:
- phosphate
- adp
- atp —> adp + pi
- mechanical work in muscle contraction
- transport work as k= ATPase
- biosynthetic work as amino acids , FAs and urea
—- is an energy carrier
atp
energy production through —–
energy utilisation through —-
- catabolism as carbs lipids protein
- thermogenis , biosytheis macromolicules , muscle contraction , ion transport
in ATP-ADP cycle :
energy requiring processs in the body use the energy from —- of atp
to generate atp need to — fuels aka breaking down
- hydrolisis
- oxidise
each step in the metabolic pathway is controlled by —- which enable energetically —— reactions to proceed
by the process of ——— or —— metabolic pathways respond to —- to cellular or body enevironemt and need
- enzymes
- enzyme inhibition or activation
- changes
change in free energy is known as;
the energy available to do work is :
all process in the body/cell involve — in energy
- triangle G
- triangle G
- changes
true or false:
the triangle G predicts whether a reaction is favourable or not
true
when triangle G is positive the reaction is —- which means it requires —- aka — reaction
when the triangle G is negative the reaction is —– and it —- energy aka —– reaction
- unfavourable
- energy
- endorgonic
- favorable
- releases
- exorgenic
( check slide 12 ,13,14 for the graphs )
atp hydrolysis can drive energetically —- reactions
example:
the first step of glycolysis is the synthesis of —– from glucose
-unfavourable
- glucose-6-phosphate
( glucose + pi —> glucose-6-phosphate )
glucose + atp —> g-6-p + adp is an example of
when g is -ve aka favorable
NAD+ and FAD are examples of —–
formulas include:
coenzymes
NAD+ + 2h+ + 2e- —> NADH + H+
FAD + 2h+ + 2e- ——> FADH2
( the electrons contain a lot of energy and these electrons can go from oxidised form to reduced form )
coupled redox reaction:
during catabolism the hydrogen from the substrate trasferred to ——- aka —–
——— will be —– to —– in ——- located at the inner mitochondrial membrane
- nad+ and fad
- dehydrogenase
- NADH , FADH2
- reoxidised
- NAD+ and FAD
- electron transport chain by 02
( check slide 21 for more info plsss)
electron transport chain inner mitochondria membrane , energy from ——- generated during —- and —- is used to make ATP
—- is the finally receptor of electrons
- NADH , FADH2
- glycolysis
- TCA cycle
- oxygen
( the process of glycolysis:
glucose —> pyruvate —> pyruvate dehydrogenase in matrix —> acetyl CoA —> TCA Kyle metric except succ DH which is also part of complex II of the electron transport chain and located in the inner mitochondrial membrane )
in atp production ( aerobic )
— molecules of atp per NADH + H+
— molecules of ATP per FADH2
the conversion in electron transport chain — glucose molecule results in — or — depending which shuttle system us used to transfer e from NADH generated in glycolysis into mitochondrion
- 3
-2 - 1
- 36 or 38 atp
the final common pathway for the coenzymes —– produced in —- and —— is the ——– in oxidative phosphorylation .
the reduced coenzymes — a pair of electrons to electron carriers ( acetyl coA)
electrons passed down the ETC will — energy and generate —- . energy not converted to atp used to trasnport CA+2 and generate —-
—- in adipose tissues are body principle storage form of energy and their breakdown leads to large amount of ——–
—– can be used to replenish TCA cycle intermediates and some can be converted to —-
- NADH + FADH2+
- catabolism
- TCA cycle
- electron transport chain
- donate
- lose
- ATP
- heat
-TGs - acetyl CoA and NADH
- amino acids
- pyruvate
1.— the addition of elections
2.—- the removal of electrons
3. NAD+ + 2e- + 2h+ —> NADH + h+ is —-
4. NADH + H+ —> NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ is —-
5. energy released is harvested as — by —– eg. transport of 2e- from NADH to 02 via etc prdocues 52.5kcal
6. energy required to produce — ATPs from ADP+ pi = 3 x7.3 = 21.0kcal and the balance released as heat
7. the transport of —- e- from FADH to 02 produces —-
- reduction
- oxidation
- reduction
- oxidation
- ATP
- oxidative phosphorylation
- 3
- 2
- 2 atps
under — conditions only —– atp/molicule of glucose s pyruvate converted to — in a reaction that consumes —- NADH
- anaerobic
- 2
- lactate
- 2
catabolic reactions provide intermediate for —– reactions
anabolic
