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foundation of practice > cell cycle , mitosis , meiosis > Flashcards

cell cycle , mitosis , meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

—- the process by which cells copy their dna and divide to produce genetically identical daughter cells

A

cell cycle ( G0 , G1 , S , G2 )

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2
Q

G0 is an — non-replicative phase and many differentiated cells remain in their such as —

A
  • optional
  • hepatocytes
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3
Q

is a phase where cellular contents excluding the chromosomes duplicate , the preparation of cell division as well as the period of cell growth is —-

A

G1 phase ( 10 hours )

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4
Q

true or false:
the G1 phase also includes replication of key components such as centrosomes

A

true

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5
Q

The S phase in known as — where — occurs and it takes — where each of the 46 chromosomes id duplicated by the cell

A
  • synthesis
  • dna replication
  • 5-6 hours
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6
Q

a short resting phase as the cell double checks the duplicated chromosomes error and making any needed repairs before cell division which takes 3-5 hours is known as —

A

G2 phase

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7
Q

humans have – chromosomes pair homologs which is — from autosomes and — from sex chromosomes . The sex determining chromosomes are — for females - and —- for male

A
  • 23 ( 2n ) , 22 autosomes + sex chromosomes
  • XX
  • XY
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8
Q

cell division is required for —– and to — new cells in adults

A
  • development
  • generate
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9
Q

in somatic cells the division occurs in — during the cell cycle and it produces — cells aka — chromosesm

A
  • mitosis
  • diploid
  • 2n , 2 copies of chromosomes
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10
Q

— refers to the cell division and takes 2 hours

A

mitosis

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11
Q

to generate gametes we need —- which is the specialised form of cell division and produces gametes ( sperm and eggs ) in — which is – copy

A
  • meiosis
  • haploid
  • one copy , n
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12
Q

true or false:
genomic dna must be copied accurately and divided between the daughter cells

A

true

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13
Q

in — the dna is copied once so we have 46 chromosomes made of 2 chromatids held together by —- , they separate to form — chromosomes before divide once and become —-

A
  • mitosis
  • centromere
  • 92 chromosomes
  • 92/2 cells = 46 chromosomes which means = 2 x 23 diploid
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14
Q

in G1, S , and G2 the —- is intact and — is not visible

A
  • nuclear envelop
  • chromosomes
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15
Q

—- is a process when chromosomes are visible as the chromosomes consist of 2 sister chromatids , miotic spindle forms and nuclear membrane breaks

A

prophase

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16
Q

sister chromatid line up at the centre during —-

A

metaphase

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17
Q

sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to the opposite ends during —

A

anaphase

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18
Q

spindle fiber break down , nuclear membrane forms , the chromosome begin to uncoil and forms chromatin

A

telophase

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19
Q

the break down into 2 of cytoplasm and the cell divide is called —-

A

cytokineses

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20
Q

— phase is when the nucleas break apart an attach to kinetochore

A

prometaohase

21
Q

the microtubule organising centre seeds outward growth of polar fiber is —

A

centresome

22
Q

—- is an essential dna sequence for the segregation of during cell division ( the lack of eccentric centromere don’t attach to the spindle , not passed to the daughter cells )

A

centromer I ( check slide 11 for the structure )

23
Q

— pattern of cell division that produces gametes aka germ cells ( eggs and sperm ) which are — and contain – copies of chromosome and the dna is copied —-

A
  • meiosis
  • haploid
  • one copy
  • once
    ( 46 chromosomes made of 2 chromatids held together in the centre of centromere ) so ,
    46/2 chromatids , 23/2 chromatid , 23/single chromatid = 92/4 = 23/cell haploid
24
Q

in meiosis the chromosomes condense as the nuclear envelop break and the crossing over ( aka exchanging segment ) occurs —

A

prophase 1

25
Q

when the chromosomes duplicate —

A

interphase

26
Q

pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the centre and the microtubule is attached to the kinetochore in —

A

metaphase 1

27
Q

homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles as they split up in —-

A

anaphase 1

28
Q

the chromosomes gather at the pole and the cytoplasm divides , 2 haploid cells form and the chromosomes are still double in

A

telophase and cytokines

29
Q
  • a new spindle forms around the chromosomes in —-
  • the chromosomes line up the equator in —-
  • centromeres divide and chromatid move to the opposite poles of the cells and sister chromatids separate in —-
  • a new nuclear envelop forms and cytoplasm divides , haploid daughter cells forming
A
  • prophase 2
  • metaphase 2
  • anaphase 2
  • telophase 2
30
Q

true or false:
during mitosis another round of cell division as the sister chromatid finally separates , 4 haploid cells form containing single chromosomes , division without replication

A

false , mieosis

31
Q

genetic diversity is generated in meiosis by 2 process —–

A

1-recombination ( pachytene in meiosis I )
2- independent assortment

32
Q

— refers to the physical breakage of dna duplex in one maternal and one paternal chromatids and joining of the end.

A

recombination

33
Q

in recombination the dna sequence is exchanged between — but the dna sequence is —-

A
  • chromatids
  • neither gained not lost unless a mistake as: non-disjuction = cytogenetics
34
Q

recmombination doesnt normally occur in —- but once that happens the dna sequence is ——

A
  • mitosis
  • gained or lost leading to bad results
35
Q

—- is when each bivalent is a 4 stranded structure ( 4 chromatids ) and the mitotic spindle pulls 2 chromatids towards each pole

A

independent assortment

36
Q

true or false: for humans
2 power 23 = 8.4 x 10 power 6 possible combination

A

true , check slide 16 + 17

37
Q

— identical copy of maternal and paternal homolog
— mixed copy of maternal or paternal homolog

A
  • diploid
  • haploid
38
Q

1-mitotic tetrads with — chiasmata
2- each chiasmata marks a —-
3- on average — chismata/cell in human make meiosis up to — more in females

A
  • 2
  • crossing over point
  • 55
  • 50%
39
Q

— is important for correct chromosome segregation at meiosis I , holds the homologs together until align along plate and formation of spindle until —– . Children w/ incorrect chromosomes number often the product of gametes where bivalent lacked —- . These crossovers may involve — or — in a bivalent

A
  • chiasmata
  • anaphase I
  • crossover
  • 3 or even all chromatids
40
Q

1-haploid gametes arise by — from a —–
2- in fertilization an egg and sperm chromosomes combine forming —- , further round of —- and —- to form a whole organism

A
  • meiosis
  • diploid precursor
  • diploid zygot
  • mitosis and differentiation
41
Q

the ——– develops by repeated mitotic divisions of diploid cells leading to the production of —— and —– which then undergo —-

A
  • germ-line
  • primary oocytes and primary spermocytes
  • meiosis
42
Q

in ovary the priamry oocytes form in —- but arrest at — of the —– until puberty

A
  • fatal life
  • prophase of mieosis 1
43
Q

true or false:
before puberty one oocyte/month completes meiosis
true or false:
sperm produced continuously from puberty

A

1- false: after puberty
2- true

44
Q

most cells are — which means 2 homologs pairs of each chromosomes one — and one — so 2 copies of each gene per —- copy

A
  • diplpoid
  • paternal and one maternal
  • per one chromosome copy
45
Q

each gene copy is called an —- as they can slightly vary in their dna sequence so, a person can have a different allele of a — as A , a

A
  • allel
  • gene
46
Q

—- is when a populations of genes have many alleles

A

polymorphism

47
Q

different alleles combine to form —-

A

different genotype ( genetic constitution )

48
Q

read:

A

Human inherited diseases
Caused by genetic (ie: DNA) defects
disease genotype — > disease phenotype
Two broad categories:
1. Single-gene (monogenic) defects
Single disease allele, dominant or recessive
Simple Mendelian inheritance pattern
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
X - linked dominant
X - linked recessive
Identified in families by ‘Pedigree Analysis’
2. Multi-gene (polygenic) defects
Interactions of several genes
Complex (ie: non-Mendelian) inheritance

foundation of practice (57 decks)

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