gluconeogenesis Flashcards
true or false:
some tissues need glucose continuously such as: rbc brain testens and the lens of the eye
true
glycogen stores will only last —-
10-18 hrs
when glycogen is depleted , — is formed from other non carbs precursors as lactate , glycerol , and amino acids
glucose
1.some steps of the glycolysis is —
example:
pyruvate dehydrogenase which converts pyruvate to acetyl coA is —
2. different — reactions go around irreversible steps
3. glycogenesis is an —- requiring step
- irreversible
- irresversible
- energy
the substrates of glycogenesis include:
- lactate ( anaerobic metabolism )
- glycerol ( triglyceride breakdown )
- amino acids ( protein degradation )
in the — state , —- is released from adipose tissue into the body by — of triglyceride
- fasting
- glycerol
- hydrolysis
-glycerol —> glycerol requires the transformation of — to — through glycerol kinase ( that’s how its oxidised )
- glycerol kinase is expressed in —-
- the glycerol phosphate oxidased to —- and then it’ll be —-
- ATP to ADP
- liver kidney interstine and lactating mammary gland tissue
- dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP
- DHAP —> glyceraldehyde 3-p
-acetyl coA can be generated from the breakdown of —- but is not a — of glycogenesis
- the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is —–
- the breakdown of triglyceride will increase —- and —–
-
- fatty acids
- substrate
- irreversible
- glycerol and acetyl coA
1.high acetyl coA activates —- stimulating glycogenesis and inhibits —– inhibiting glycolysis
2. AMP inhibits —– in glycogenesis
and activates —- in glycolysis
- pyruvate carboxylase
- pyruvate dehydrogenase
- fructose-1,6 biphosphate
- phosphofuctvokinase 1
-amino acids are converted to — intermediates
- —- is the direct precursor of phosphoenlypurvate ( PEP)
- TCA
- oxaloacetate
( check slides 9 , 10 for graphs )
some enzymes can bypass the irreversible reactions of glycolysis as:
- hezokinase gluokinase ( consumes atp )
- phosphofructokinase I ( rate limiting enzyme and consumes atp )
- pyruvate kinase ( irreversible , it generates atp )
- carboxylation of pyruvate:
- glycolysis: pyruvate kinase conversion of phosphoenlypyruvate —-> - in glycogenesis bypass by: —–
pyruvate will be —->
activated by —–
- the PEP carboxykinase : converts:
- pyruvate ( irreversible )
- pyruvate carboxylase ( biotin is co factor )
- oxaloacetate (în mitoxhodnria )
- acetyl coA
- oxycalate —> PEP ( occurs in mitochondria and cytosol )
( info:
the mitochondrial oxaloacetate cant pass mitochondrial membrane , converted to malaria or asparatete which can cross and are reconverted to OAA in cytosol )
- the dephosphorlation of fructose-1,6 biphosphate:
- glycolysis: phosphofructokinase
the furtsoe-6-phosphate will be converted to :
- in glycogenesis bypass by : fructose 1,6 biphosphatase control :
- frutose-1,6 biphosphate ( irreversib;le )
- inhibited by AMP ( which activates PFK1 glycolysis )
- inhibited by fructose 2,6 biphosphate ( F-2,6-BP levels decreased by glucagon and increased by insulin , thus the glucagon increase rate of glucogeneis)
pentose phosphate pathway:
-generates —– and —– for biosynthetic process eg. nucleotide biosythesis
- its more —- than —-
- produces major proportion of the body’s —- from its oxidative reactions
two phases are:
- NADPH , 5-carbob sugars
- anabolic than catabolic
- NADPH
- oxidative phase for NADPH production and cyclical phase for the 5-carbon sugar production
- oxidative phase has — irreversible reaction
- they convert glucose-6-p to —->
- catalysed by :
it also includes:
- 2
- ribulose-5-p , c02 m and 2 NADPH
- glucose-6 phsopphate dehyrodgenase ( G6PD )
- 6-phsophogluconolactat hydrolysis and followed by series of reversible reactions
