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foundation of practice > acute inflammation > Flashcards

acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

—– is a reaction of a vasuclarized living tissue to a local injury, protective response intended to eliminate the initial —- and the —- cells , it may be —-

A

-inflammation
- cause of the cell injury
- necrotic cells
- harmful

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2
Q

inflammation is intimately associated w the — process

A

repair process

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3
Q

the objectives of inflimination:
1- —— and —– the causative agent
2- —– tissue injury
3- begin the process of —-

A
  • localise and eliminate
  • limits
  • healing
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4
Q

the causes of inflammation include:

A
  • infectious agents
  • physical agents
  • chemical agents
  • immune reaction
  • necrotic tissue
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5
Q

1.acute inflammation lasts —–
2. —— and —— response to injury
3- characterised by —- and —-
4- uses —– cells

A
  • minutes to days
  • immediate and early
  • fluids and proteins
  • neutrophils aka polymorphonuclear cells
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6
Q
  1. chronic inflammation lasts —– and the cells involved are —–
A
  • weeks to years
  • mononuclear cells as: macrophages , lymphocytes , and plasma cells
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7
Q

1-the aim of acute inflammation is to get the —- to the site of —- as fast as possible to eliminate — or clear —–
2- the components of acute inflammation:

A
  • neutrophils
  • injury
  • pathogens
  • clear necrotic debris
  • components include:
    1- vasodilatation
    2- endothelial permeability aka leaking fluids
    3- extravasation of neutrophils
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8
Q

the five classical local signs of acute inflammation and were known by the romans are:

A
  • heat aka calor
  • loss of function aka fcuntion laesa
  • swelling aka tumor
  • pain aka dolor
  • redness aka rubor
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9
Q

heat and redness are caused by ——
swelling is caused by ——
pain is caused by —–
loss of function is caused by —-

A
  • vasodilatation
  • vascular permeability
  • mediator release
  • pain/odema
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10
Q

the 2 major events of acute inflammation are:

A

1- vascular response: (micro-vessels )
- vasodilation
- increased in vascular permeability
2- cellular réponse
- extraversion of neutrophils

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11
Q

the vascular responses includes
1- —- which is transient and last few seconds
2-
3- increased —– which leads to exudation of protein rich fluid
4- loss of — which leads to concentration of red cells and increased — which leads to blood stasis

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • vasodilation
  • vascular permeability
  • fluid
  • visocity
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12
Q

increased vascular permeability is due to:
1- increase in —– pressure
2- decrease in intravascular —- pressure
3- changes in —– cells which includes:
- retraction of endothelial cells
- endothelial injury

A
  • hydrostatic
  • osmotic
  • endothelial
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13
Q

vasodilation increases the —- and this leads to an increase in —- pressure

A
  • blood flow
  • hydrostatic
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14
Q

true or false:
transudate is an ultra filtrate blood plasma and contains a lot of proteins

A

false , little proteins

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15
Q

vascular permeability —- osmotic pressure as the intravascular pressure of interstitial fluid —-
the exudate are — in proteins with neutrophils and is a characteristic fluid of acute inflammation

A
  • decreases
  • increases
  • rich
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16
Q

—– is an extravasular fluid with low protein conencetration , the specific gravity is — 1.012 and its from —- imbalance

A
  • transudate
  • lower than
  • hydrostatic
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17
Q

—- an extravascular fluid with high protein concentration and the specific gravity is —– 1.020 and its from alteration in —–

A
  • exudate
  • higher than
  • vascular permeability
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18
Q

the steps of the cellular response include:

A

1- margination
2- rolling
3- pavementing
4- transmigration
5- migration into interstitial tissue

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19
Q

— is the first step of cellular response by which the leuocytes moving from the centre of the vessel towards the periphery of blood vessel.
- normal flow of rbc and wbc in the centre of the vessel
- a —- plasma is moving adjacent to endothelium
- as blood flow – the wbc collect along the endothelium aka magrination

A

-magrination
- cell poor
- slow

20
Q

-endothelial activation :
the underlying stimulus causes the release of — which activate the endothelium causing — and —- to be moved quickly to the surface
-selected + lectins ( sugar ) —>
- which are found in :

A
  • mediators
  • selectins and other mediators
  • selectins
  • found in: endothelial cells as E-selectins , leucocyte as L-selectins and platlets as P-selectins
21
Q

—- is the 2nd step of the cellular process by which the neutrophils bounce/roll along the endothelial cells and transiently adhere to the endothelial cells , this is mediated by —-

A
  • rolling
  • selection as they bind to their receptors
22
Q

leucocytes firmly adhere to endothelial cells in —– which is mediated by:

A
  • pavemteing aka adhesion
  • interns , ICAM-1, VCAM-1
23
Q

—- refers to the cell crawling aka diapedesis and is mediated by PECAM-1

A
  • transmigration
24
Q

—- is the movement towards the site of injury aka migration and recognition of —– and —–
—– recongnise components of diff types of microbes responsible for the unregulation of nf-kb

A
  • chemotaxis
  • microbes
  • dead tissue
  • tall like receptors TLRs
25
Q

in cellular response :
1- activation of —–
2- —– which is the coating of the bacterium or the particle to facilitate phagocytosis includes:
3- —- to eat/ingest and destroy
4- release of —– which leads to

A
  • leucocytes
  • opsonisation
  • immunoglobin and C3b complement
  • phagocytosis
  • leococytes
  • tissue injury which is why inflammation can be harmful
26
Q

—- are the main effector cells in acute inflammation

A

neurophil which is responsible in:
- phagocytosis of micro-organism n tissue debris
- mediate cell injury
- inflammatory mediators
- reactive oxygen metabolites
- lysosomal granule contents

27
Q

the chemical mediators can be derived from :

A

1- plasma :
- circulating precursor
- have to be activated
2- cell derived
- sequestered intracellularly
- sythesised de novo

28
Q

most mediators bind to — on the cells surface but have direct —- or — activity and they are tightly —-

A
  • receptors
  • toxic activity or direct enzymatic
  • regulated
29
Q
  • vasoactive amines
  • plasma proteases
  • phospholipid derived products
  • cytokines
  • nitric oxide
  • lysosomal enzymes
  • oxygen derived free radicals
    are all examples of —–
A

chemical mediators of inflammation

30
Q

—– responsible for vascular dilation and leakage and includes:

A
  • vasoactive amines
  • histamine and serotonin
31
Q

1—– are found in mast cells, basophils , and platelets .
2- are released in response to —-
3- promotes arterial —- and venular endothelial —- which results in the — of the inter endothelial cell junctions w the —- vascular permeability

A
  • histamines
  • stimuli
  • dilation
  • contraction
  • widening
  • increase
32
Q

—– is a vasoactive amine similar to histamine but are found in platelets and released when platetes aggregate

A

serotonin

33
Q

plasma protease consist of:

A
  • complement system
  • kinin system
  • clotting system
34
Q

The complemtrary system consists of 2 pathways
1- — pathway which requires antibodies to activate as Ag-Ab complex C1 binds to IgG or IgM that’s bound to an antigen
2- —- pathway which doesnt require antibodies and has a microbial surface
- the complement system has a role in —- and membrane —- complex which bunches — in the membrane
-the complement system has also a role in —– includes C3a and C5a which leads to :
- vascular effect aka :
- cellular effect aka:

A
  • classical
  • alternative
  • immunity ( c5-9 complex )
  • attack ( MAC C5-9)
  • holes
  • inflammation
    -increase vasodilatation and vascular permeability
  • leocycte activation , adhesion , chemotaxis C5a , phagocytosis c3b
35
Q

kinin cascade leads to the formation of:
this causes :
and its — lived due to kininases

A
  • bradykinin
  • increased vascular permeability , arteriolar dilation , smooth muscle contraction , and pain
  • short lived
36
Q

the key for the activation of the clotting system is factor — aka — and the end result is —

A
  • factor XII ( hangman factor )
  • fibrin which acts as a glue
37
Q

arachidonic acid metabolites and platelet activating factor are —- derived products

A

phospholipids

38
Q

arachidonic acid is a component of the —-
- the metabolism of it occurs in 2 major pathways which are:

A
  • cell membrane phosphodiser
    1- lipoxygenase —> lecotriene
    2- cyclooxyrgenase –> prostagladin and prostacyclin
    ( check slide 46 important )
39
Q

-arachadonic acid participates in —– inflammation as its effective —– agents act on AA pathways
as:

A
  • acute
  • anti inflammatory
    1- aspirin and nsaids , coox inhibitors
    20 steroid act , in part , by inhibiting phospholipase A2
40
Q

the —– induces aggregation of planets as it causes —– and —-
it also enhances ——–

A
  • platelets activating factor PAF
  • vasoconstriction and bronchosctriciton
    -enhances leucocyte adhesion , chemotaxis , and degranulation
41
Q

—— are soluble mediator and short lived , produced by many cells , are multifunctional and has systemic effect ( bc they can circulate )

A

cytokines

42
Q

the nitric oxide is toxic to —- and causes damage in — and it also causes —–

A
  • bacteria
  • tissue
  • vasodilation
43
Q

—– causes eradication of bacteria and tissue damage

A

lysosomal enzymes

44
Q

—— causes elimination of bacteria and tissue damage which includes:

A
  • oxygen derived free radicals
    -direct injury to endothelial cells
  • injury to extracellular matrix
  • injury to other cell types as tumor cells
45
Q
  • dilution of toxins
  • arrival of antibodies to the site of inflammation
  • drug transport
  • delivery of nutrients and o2
  • removal of tissue debris
  • firbongen —> fribin aka delays bacterial spread
    -destrcution of microbial agents
  • stimulation of immune response responses
    are all —– effects of inflammation
A

beneficial

46
Q

-mehcnaical effect as epiglottis
- impaired flow as acute meningitis
- impaired function
- tissue destrcution
are all —–

A

harmful effects go inflammation

47
Q

the outcomes of acute inflammation are:

A
  • resolution
  • abscess formation
  • abscess is walled of collection of pus
  • progression to chronic inflammation
  • healing and repair
    ( check slide 50 etc for summary plsss)

foundation of practice (59 decks)

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