the eukaryotic cell Flashcards
— is the basic unit of all animals and plans where they carry out functional activities and can only arise from pre-existing — and new ones can be from —
the growth and development result from —— and ——
- cells
- pre-existing cells from cell division as mitosis and meiosis
- increase the no. of cells and the differentiation of cells into the different types of tissues
the cell plasma membrane is made up of —- and the —- are inserted into it. Carbs are attached to —-
- lipid bilayer w/ hydrophilic exterior aka head and hydrophobic tail
- proteins
- carbs are attached to proteins and lipids
the functions of the plasma membrane are:
- barrier (physical isolation )
- holds the molecules inside in the cell
- regulate the movement of molecules into and out of the cell
- maintain a unique intracellular ph envirobemt ( slightly acidic )
- responds to changes in the outside and inside of the cell
the cytoskeleton is consist of —– and —– and the function of the sytosketon is
- filaments and tubules
- the fucntions : protein scaffolding, preserve the shape of the cell, allow the cell to change the shape if needed and provides frame for the movement of the cell
—- are double strands of actin that form a mesh below the plasma membrane and the link w/ proteins impeded in membrane and these may connect to the ECM
filament of the cytoskeleton
— is viscous and has an aqoues solution inside the cell and is criss-crossed by the ——–
cytoplasm , cytosketon fibers
cytoplasm fills the space between —- and — and it forms a suspending medium for the other sub cellular organelle. The part of the cytoplasm that is outside all the organelles is called —-
- cell membrane and the nucleas
- cytosol
the fuction of the cytoplasm:
. It supports and suspend organelles and cellular molecules
* Many cellular processes occur in the cytoplasm
* - protein synthesis
* - the first stage of cellular respiration (known as glycolysis)
* - mitosis and meiosis
* It helps to move materials, such as hormones, around the cell
* It dissolves cellular waste
the —- is surrounded by a double layer of membrane called —–
the inner nuclear membrane is — and the outer membrane may be linked to —– . The proteins and RNA may pass these —-
nucleas , nuclear envelope , smooth , ER , pores
the nucleas contains —- which is a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes
chromatin
The nucleas also contains one or more dark-staining spherical areas called —– they are the place of assembly of —- and contians large amount of — and —-
- nucleoli
- ribosomes
- rna and protein
surrounding the chromatin and the nucleoli is a gel like substance called the —–
nucleoplasm
the components of the nucleas:
- nucleoli
- nucleoplasm
- chromatin
- nuclear envelop
the dna is stored in the chromosome in the —- and the fate of the dna depends on the —- the cell receives. These signals can allow dna:
- nucleas
- signals
- remains quiesentor to translate to rna for new protein synthesis or replicate for the cell division
genes are made up of — and every gene in your body have – copies
dna , 2 copies one from ur father and one from ur momma
explain the process from dna to protein :
1- transcription: info in the dna code is made into Mrna
2- mRNA exists in the nucleas via the nuclear pore and enter the cytoplasm
3- translation: ribosomes assembly around the mRNA takes place
4- the Mrna bases are translated into amino acids
—- is an network of interconnected tubules and sacs and extends from the — to —- and it has 2 types:
- endoplasmic reticulum ( ER)
- nucleas into the cytoplasm
- rough er: covered w ribosomes and smooth er: which is continuous w/ the rough er but is granule-free
the fucntions of the ER:
- provides suffolding for proteins for protein synthesis
- rough er is extensive in cells that have high levels of protein synthesis
- smooth er is involved in lipid metabolism ( check the structure 15)
—- consists of stacks of flattened containers called cisterns or sacs and is located in the —- which is the space extending from the ER to the cell membrane
golgi , cystosole
in the golgi apparatus the part closer to the nucleas is known as —- and the part closer to the cell membrane is called —- .
THE golgi system remains in contacts w ——
- cis-golgi
- trans - golgi
- cystoskeltal filaments
fucntiosn of the golgi :
Modification of proteins and lipids, through the
attachment of carbohydrates (glycosylation)
* Their sorting and distribution to other organelles
within the cell
* The packaging for subsequent secretion from the cells ( check slide 17)
mitochondria folds are called — while the golgi are called —
- cristea
- cisterns / sac
—- is a sausage shaped approx. 1 um wide and 7 um long . it has a double membrane separated by the —– and the outer membrane is —- to small molecules and the inner membrane has —– projecting inwards
The interior of the mitochondrion is called —-
- mitochondria
- inter membrane space
- permeable
- crsitea
- matrix
fucntions of the mitochidnria :
- It contains the enzymes of the electron transport
chain, the Krebs cycle and the pathway of the beta-
oxidation of fatty acids - It generate most of the cellular ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation - It is plentiful in cells which consume large amounts of
energy
info about lysosomes :
1-Structure
* They are spherical or oval organelles
* They have a single-layer membrane
* They contain acid hydrolases (degradative enzymes)
* These enzymes digest most biological molecules
* The pH inside is approximately 5.0
* This is optimal for the activity of the enzymes
2-Function
* The lysosomal membrane compartmentalises intracellular
degradative enzymes
* The pH 5 environment denatures proteins facilitating their
degradation
* Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse with lysosomes
delivering their contents for degradation
* Lysosomes also destroy aged cell organelles
* These are first engulfed by the ER, forming vesicles, that are
subsequently fused with the lysosome
Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse with —-
delivering their contents for degradation
lysosomes
—– is a multi-subunit enzyme (protein) complex
(The trash bin of the cell) and the protein complexes are arranged in — around the central core and it degrades ——
- proteasome
- 4 rings
- cystolic proteins
is involved in control of the cell cycle and apoptosis
proteasome
in proteasome proteins destined for destruction are tagged with a protein called — this directs them into the – of the proteasome where they are broken down by the enzymes
ubiquitin , core
—- are similar to lysosomes and have a single lipid bilayer and contains enzymes as —– and —
This organelle is involved in :
- peroxisomes
- mainly oxidase and catsalases
- involved in lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification of the cell
- Cells adhere to each other,
forming tissues and organs - The most common types of
junctions between cells are:
– Tight junctions
– Anchoring/adhesive junctions
(desmosomes)
– Gap/communicating junctions
- This is a protein
complex between two
cells - It creates a seal to
prevent any leakage
of the content through
the cell membrane - It leaves no space
between plasma
membranes of
adjacent cell
tight junctions
- Attach the cytoskeleton to a
neighbouring cell or to the
extracellular matrix - Junction is made between
intracellular anchor proteins
and transmembrane
adhesion proteins
anchoring/adhesive junctions
- Made from proteins that form a tunnel
between cells (called connexins) - Connexin proteins form a pore in the
cell membrane called the connexon - Allows cells to communicate with each
other - To share nutrients such as water, ions,
sugars and amino acids - Transfer chemical and electrical
signals
gap/communcitainf junctions
- This is the ability of one cell to stick to
another cell or an extracellular matrix - Adhesion is important for cell communication
and regulation - It is essential for the maintenance and
development of tissue - Adhesion stimulates signals that regulate cell
differentiation, cell cycle, cell migration and
cell survival* Adhesion occurs through the action of
proteins called —-
cell adhesion , CAMs ( cell adhesion molecules ) check slide 26)
- Some proteins on the surface
of cells have short chains of
sugars attached to them - These proteins are called
glycoproteins - They act as identification tags
- These tags are specifically
recognised by other cells
cell recognition
