the eukaryotic cell

Question 1

— is the basic unit of all animals and plans where they carry out functional activities and can only arise from pre-existing — and new ones can be from —
the growth and development result from —— and ——

Answer 1

• cells
• pre-existing cells from cell division as mitosis and meiosis
• increase the no. of cells and the differentiation of cells into the different types of tissues

Question 2

the cell plasma membrane is made up of —- and the —- are inserted into it. Carbs are attached to —-

Answer 2

• lipid bilayer w/ hydrophilic exterior aka head and hydrophobic tail
• proteins
• carbs are attached to proteins and lipids

Question 3

the functions of the plasma membrane are:

Answer 3

• barrier (physical isolation )
• holds the molecules inside in the cell
• regulate the movement of molecules into and out of the cell
• maintain a unique intracellular ph envirobemt ( slightly acidic )
• responds to changes in the outside and inside of the cell

Question 4

the cytoskeleton is consist of —– and —– and the function of the sytosketon is

Answer 4

• filaments and tubules
• the fucntions : protein scaffolding, preserve the shape of the cell, allow the cell to change the shape if needed and provides frame for the movement of the cell

Question 5

—- are double strands of actin that form a mesh below the plasma membrane and the link w/ proteins impeded in membrane and these may connect to the ECM

Answer 5

filament of the cytoskeleton

Question 6

— is viscous and has an aqoues solution inside the cell and is criss-crossed by the ——–

Answer 6

cytoplasm , cytosketon fibers

Question 7

cytoplasm fills the space between —- and — and it forms a suspending medium for the other sub cellular organelle. The part of the cytoplasm that is outside all the organelles is called —-

Answer 7

• cell membrane and the nucleas
• cytosol

Question 8

the fuction of the cytoplasm:

Answer 8

. It supports and suspend organelles and cellular molecules
* Many cellular processes occur in the cytoplasm
* - protein synthesis
* - the first stage of cellular respiration (known as glycolysis)
* - mitosis and meiosis
* It helps to move materials, such as hormones, around the cell
* It dissolves cellular waste

Question 9

the —- is surrounded by a double layer of membrane called —–
the inner nuclear membrane is — and the outer membrane may be linked to —– . The proteins and RNA may pass these —-

Answer 9

nucleas , nuclear envelope , smooth , ER , pores

Question 10

the nucleas contains —- which is a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes

Answer 10

chromatin

Question 11

The nucleas also contains one or more dark-staining spherical areas called —– they are the place of assembly of —- and contians large amount of — and —-

Answer 11

• nucleoli
• ribosomes
• rna and protein

Question 12

surrounding the chromatin and the nucleoli is a gel like substance called the —–

Answer 12

nucleoplasm

Question 13

the components of the nucleas:

Answer 13

• nucleoli
• nucleoplasm
• chromatin
• nuclear envelop

Question 14

the dna is stored in the chromosome in the —- and the fate of the dna depends on the —- the cell receives. These signals can allow dna:

Answer 14

• nucleas
• signals
• remains quiesentor to translate to rna for new protein synthesis or replicate for the cell division

Question 15

genes are made up of — and every gene in your body have – copies

Answer 15

dna , 2 copies one from ur father and one from ur momma

Question 16

explain the process from dna to protein :

Answer 16

1- transcription: info in the dna code is made into Mrna
2- mRNA exists in the nucleas via the nuclear pore and enter the cytoplasm
3- translation: ribosomes assembly around the mRNA takes place
4- the Mrna bases are translated into amino acids

Question 17

—- is an network of interconnected tubules and sacs and extends from the — to —- and it has 2 types:

Answer 17

• endoplasmic reticulum ( ER)
• nucleas into the cytoplasm
• rough er: covered w ribosomes and smooth er: which is continuous w/ the rough er but is granule-free

Question 18

the fucntions of the ER:

Answer 18

• provides suffolding for proteins for protein synthesis
• rough er is extensive in cells that have high levels of protein synthesis
• smooth er is involved in lipid metabolism ( check the structure 15)

Question 19

—- consists of stacks of flattened containers called cisterns or sacs and is located in the —- which is the space extending from the ER to the cell membrane

Answer 19

golgi , cystosole

Question 20

in the golgi apparatus the part closer to the nucleas is known as —- and the part closer to the cell membrane is called —- .
THE golgi system remains in contacts w ——

Answer 20

• cis-golgi
• trans - golgi
• cystoskeltal filaments

Question 21

fucntiosn of the golgi :

Answer 21

Modification of proteins and lipids, through the
attachment of carbohydrates (glycosylation)
* Their sorting and distribution to other organelles
within the cell
* The packaging for subsequent secretion from the cells ( check slide 17)

Question 22

mitochondria folds are called — while the golgi are called —

Answer 22

• cristea
• cisterns / sac

Question 23

—- is a sausage shaped approx. 1 um wide and 7 um long . it has a double membrane separated by the —– and the outer membrane is —- to small molecules and the inner membrane has —– projecting inwards
The interior of the mitochondrion is called —-

Answer 23

• mitochondria
• inter membrane space
• permeable
• crsitea
• matrix

Question 24

fucntions of the mitochidnria :

Answer 24

• It contains the enzymes of the electron transport
  chain, the Krebs cycle and the pathway of the beta-
  oxidation of fatty acids
• It generate most of the cellular ATP through oxidative
  phosphorylation
• It is plentiful in cells which consume large amounts of
  energy

Question 25

info about lysosomes :

Answer 25

1-Structure
* They are spherical or oval organelles
* They have a single-layer membrane
* They contain acid hydrolases (degradative enzymes)
* These enzymes digest most biological molecules
* The pH inside is approximately 5.0
* This is optimal for the activity of the enzymes
2-Function
* The lysosomal membrane compartmentalises intracellular
degradative enzymes
* The pH 5 environment denatures proteins facilitating their
degradation
* Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse with lysosomes
delivering their contents for degradation
* Lysosomes also destroy aged cell organelles
* These are first engulfed by the ER, forming vesicles, that are
subsequently fused with the lysosome

Question 26

Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse with —-
delivering their contents for degradation

Answer 26

lysosomes

Question 27

—– is a multi-subunit enzyme (protein) complex
(The trash bin of the cell) and the protein complexes are arranged in — around the central core and it degrades ——

Answer 27

• proteasome
• 4 rings
• cystolic proteins

Question 28

is involved in control of the cell cycle and apoptosis

Answer 28

proteasome

Question 29

in proteasome proteins destined for destruction are tagged with a protein called — this directs them into the – of the proteasome where they are broken down by the enzymes

Answer 29

ubiquitin , core

Question 30

—- are similar to lysosomes and have a single lipid bilayer and contains enzymes as —– and —
This organelle is involved in :

Answer 30

• peroxisomes
• mainly oxidase and catsalases
• involved in lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification of the cell

Question 31

• Cells adhere to each other,
  forming tissues and organs
• The most common types of
  junctions between cells are:

Answer 31

– Tight junctions
– Anchoring/adhesive junctions
(desmosomes)
– Gap/communicating junctions

Question 32

• This is a protein
  complex between two
  cells
• It creates a seal to
  prevent any leakage
  of the content through
  the cell membrane
• It leaves no space
  between plasma
  membranes of
  adjacent cell

Answer 32

tight junctions

Question 33

• Attach the cytoskeleton to a
  neighbouring cell or to the
  extracellular matrix
• Junction is made between
  intracellular anchor proteins
  and transmembrane
  adhesion proteins

Answer 33

anchoring/adhesive junctions

Question 34

• Made from proteins that form a tunnel
  between cells (called connexins)
• Connexin proteins form a pore in the
  cell membrane called the connexon
• Allows cells to communicate with each
  other
• To share nutrients such as water, ions,
  sugars and amino acids
• Transfer chemical and electrical
  signals

Answer 34

gap/communcitainf junctions

Question 35

• This is the ability of one cell to stick to
  another cell or an extracellular matrix
• Adhesion is important for cell communication
  and regulation
• It is essential for the maintenance and
  development of tissue
• Adhesion stimulates signals that regulate cell
  differentiation, cell cycle, cell migration and
  cell survival* Adhesion occurs through the action of
  proteins called —-

Answer 35

cell adhesion , CAMs ( cell adhesion molecules ) check slide 26)

Question 36

• Some proteins on the surface
  of cells have short chains of
  sugars attached to them
• These proteins are called
  glycoproteins
• They act as identification tags
• These tags are specifically
  recognised by other cells

Answer 36

cell recognition