Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

foundation of practice > intro to fungi and fungal infections > Flashcards

intro to fungi and fungal infections Flashcards

1
Q

classification of fungi :
they can be —- like or —– such as:
however they are dimorphic meaning —-

A
  • yeast/yeast like
  • moulds as: hyphen and spore ]- rare both yeast and mould forms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

fungal cell structure:
1- contains a —- which is made up of—– and —- ( b-d-glucan and manna’s ) the —- gives it rigidity and is —–
2. it contains cell membrane which is made up of: —— , surrounds —– , and contains —–
3. has —- in some fungi

A
  • cell wall
  • chitin and carbs
  • chitin
  • antigenic
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • cytoplasm
  • ergosterol
  • capsule ( cryptococcus neoformans , polysarcrides , prevents phagocytosis )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

—– are tubules made up of fungal cells attached to end to end , the growth = extend in length from tip of tubules ( longitudinal extensions )
—– are the producing bodies of moulds and are different from the bacterial ones

A
  • hyphae
  • spores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

yeast - cryptococcurs neofomans are:
— cellular produced by —- and the characteristics are:

A
  • unicellular
  • budding
  • moist , mucoid , waxy colonies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

yeast-like fungi : candida species :
- grow partly as — and partly as —- cells resembling —- ( pseudohyphae )
- produced by
- generally ——- colonies

A
  • yeast
  • elongated cells
  • hyphea
  • budding
  • white creamy colones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mould ( filament fungi )
- are — cellular
- made up of clumps of intertwined ——
- growth by —–
- produce —

A
  • multicellular
  • branching hyphae
  • longitudinal extension
  • spores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

—- fungi can grow either as yeast or mould depending on —— conditions and —-
- moulds in environment at —- c
- yeast in human tissue at —-
eg. histoplasma capsulatum

A
  • dimorphic
  • environmental and temp
  • 25-30
    35-37
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why’s fungal infections important:
1.—- no. of infections
which increases no. of vulnerable immunosuppressed patients
- chemotherapy , organ transplant , immunosupressiant medication
2. cases are more —-
- anti fungal antimicrobial — is increasing as new anti fungal agents available
- immunospressed patients — to treat

A
  • increase
  • complex
  • resistance
  • harder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fungal infections are — which means they are limited to skin only
they are also —- which includes:

A
  • superficial ; limited to outermost layers of skin hair nails and mucosa
    -invasive ( subcutaneous and systemic )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

superficial mycoses is limited to the — layers of skins hair nails and mucosa it includes:
diagnosed by —

A
  • outermost
    1. pityriasis versicolor ( pigmented lesions on upper toros )
    2. dermatophytosis ( ringowrm/tinea )
    3. candidas
  • skin scrapping KOH - microscopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

-Malassezia furfur (filamentous fungus)
- Common – patchy rash
* Pale brown/pink macules - Pale patches more
common in darker skin
* Itchy
* Trunk / Neck +/- arms (uncommon in other body
areas)
More common in hot, humid climates or if sweat
heavily.
these are all under:

A

pityriasis verisicolor , its diagnosed by:
1- clinical appearance
2- wood light
3. skin scrapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

—– are skin infection caused by dermatophyte fungi

A

tinae ( ringworm )
- the 2 genera of dermatophytes:
* Trichophyton spp– most common
* Epidermophyton spp
* Microsporum spp
- they might be acquired from humans animals or soil
- treated w topical or systemic antifungals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

parts of the body affected by tinea:

A
  • Tinea barbae (beard)
  • Tinea capitis (head)
  • Tinea corporis (body)
  • Tinea cruris (groin)
  • Tinea faciei (face)
  • Tinea manuum (hand)
  • Tinea pedis (foot)
  • Tinea unguium (nail)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tine is diagnosed by —–

A
  • clinical - classical appearance
  • skin scraping/nails clipping confirms diagnosis and identity of pathogens
    – Microscopy (treat first with
    KOH to clear keratin)
    – Culture on selective media -
    Sabouraud agar
  • Slow growing (2-3 weeks)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

subcutaneous mycoses refers to — layer of dermis and —- tissue
the sites of trauma acquired from —–

A
  • dermis and subcutaneous tissue
  • soil and thorns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sporotrichosis - rose pickers disease:
Sporothrix schenckii (dimorphic fungus)
* Initial ulcer develops into —–

A

gtandulomatous nodule

17
Q

clinical spectrum of sporotrihosis:
1. —— is most common and enters through break in skin from touching contaminated plant matter
2. —- refers to inhalation of fungal spores
3. —- spread of infection to other parts of the body as: osteoarticular, central nervous system.
Risk factors: Immunodeficiency, COPD, HIV, Alcohol excess

A
  • cutanouse/lymphocutanous
  • pulmonary
  • disseminated
18
Q

sporotrichosis is diagnosed by:
1- microscopy using —-
2- culture ( sabouraud agar) using:
3. histopathology

A
  • KOH
  • tissue biopsy , sputum , body fluid
19
Q

DIMORPHIC FUNGAL INFECTION –
HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM :

A
  • Grow as moulds at 25oC, yeasts at 37oC
  • Not common in Ireland, UK or rest of Europe but
    found in North America
  • Found in soil
  • Guano from birds & bats
  • Caves!
20
Q

clinical presentation of histoplasma capsultaum:
diagnosis by:

A
  • Asymptomatic infection
  • Acute/ chronic respiratory infection resembling TB
  • Disseminated, involving liver, lungs, spleen
    (immunosuppressed patients)
  • Fungus lives intracellular in macrophages =>
    immune-evasion
  • diagnosis by:
  • Antigen detection
    – Detects fungal
    components
    – Urine or serum
  • Culture
    – Tissue, blood, body fluid
    – Can take up to 6 weeks
  • Histopathology
  • Microscopy
    – Low sensitivity
  • Serology (looking for
    antibodies to the fungus)
21
Q

candida - pseudo yeast :
characterised by — flora in — and — especially the — GI tract , lower — tract and — tract
- —– pathogens of increasing importance
- is —- and —– infection

A
  • normal flora
  • mouth and intestine
  • upper
  • lower genital tract
  • respiratory trac
  • oppourtistic
  • superficial in skin and mucosal and systemic infection
22
Q

candida is found in —- areas of and skin — as well as:
they are erythema aka —- lesions and — lesions
other info:

A
  • warm and moist
  • skin folds
  • intertrigo (axilla,
    groin, perineum, under
    breasts)
  • plaque like lesions or satellite lesions
  • Napkin dermatitis in
    babies
  • Precipitants
    – Antibiotics
    – Steroids
    – Pregnancy /High oestrogen
    – Immunosuppressiond
23
Q

diagnosis and treatment of candida :

A
  • Diagnosis:
    – Clinical appearance
    – Skin scrapings, swabs
  • Treatment:
    – General measures e.g.
    correct predisposing
    factors, keep skin clean
    and dry
    – Topical antifungal agents
    applied to the skin e.g.,
    clotrimazole cream
    – Oral: fluconazole
24
Q

candida mucosal infection discrete — patches on mucosal surfaces as in —-
the diagnosis are:
treatment by:

A
  • white patches
  • oral vaginal and oesophageal (as HIV )
  • diagnosis: Swab for microscopy
    and culture
  • treatment:
    – Topical (Clotrimazole cream or
    suppository)
    – Oral antifungal mouthwashes
    – Oral systemic antifungal (e.g.
    fluconazole)
25
Q

CANDIDA – INVASIVE INFECTIONS:

A
  • Can cause infection of any system
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Candida blood stream infection
  • Endophthalmitis (infection of the back of the eye)
  • Infective endocarditis (infection of endocardium)
  • Peritonitis
  • Osteomyelitis/Septic Arthritis (rare)
  • Meningitis (neonates)
  • Risk factors include: * Haematological malignancy such as leukaemias
  • Bone marrow or solid organ transplant
  • Neutropenia
  • Extremes of age (premature neonates, elderly)
  • Abdominal surgery
  • Prolonged intensive care unit admission
  • Central venous catheter e.g. central line
  • Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Kidney failure
26
Q

—- are mould/ filamentous fungus
- unqiuiton - found in soil air plants and decomposing organic matter
- hospital environments: construction work
the clinal manifestation includes:

A

aspergillus
1. Allergic aspergillosis
– Sinusitis
– Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
2. Aspergilloma (fungal mass)
3. Invasive aspergillosis

27
Q

aspergillus pathogenesis can be — due to reaction to asperigullus antigen in atopic individuals ABPA
or it can be by
—– organics which can be:

A
  • allergy
  • spore forming organisms :
    – Spores inhaled
    – Germinate to form hyphae
    – Destruct blood vessels & disseminate (angioinvasive)
28
Q

ALLERGIC BRONCHO PULMONARY
ASPERGILLOSIS (ABPA):

A
  • Hypersensitivity reaction
  • Asthma, cystic fibrosis (symptoms overlap)
  • Bronchospasm, obstruction
  • Wheeze, cough, Shortness of breath (SOB), fever
  • Eosinophilia, high IgE
  • Diagnosis –high antibody titres in serum
  • Fleeting chest x-ray changes
  • Treat with steroids +/- itraconazole
29
Q

ASPERGILLOMA:

A
  • Damaged lung (TB, CF, COPD)
  • Asymptomatic, chronic cough, haemoptysis
  • Sputum culture positive in 66%
  • Serum antibodies raised in 70%
  • Fluid filled cavity on CXR/CT Thorax
  • Surgery in some cases
  • No role for antifungals
30
Q

invasive aspergillosis ( IA) spread from — site to other sites as liver spleen kidney and CNS
- can invade — aka angiovasive
- high — and can be difficult to diagnose
- high — of suspicion in sucepticable patient
-the risk factors include:

A
  • primary
  • blood vessels
  • mortality
  • index
  • risk factors:
  • Bone marrow or solid organ transplant
  • Neutropenia
  • Haematological malignancies e.g. acute leukaemia
  • Haematological disorders such as aplastic anaemia
    (bone marrow failure)
  • Intubated patients in intensive care unit
  • Patients on chemotherapy
  • Severe lung diseases e.g. end-stage COPD
  • Patients with advanced HIV infection
  • Dialysis patients
  • Patients with severe innate immunodeficiencies
31
Q

diagnosis of Fingal infections depend on —–

A

clinical presentation and exam
( diagnostic technique discussed in this lecture includes:
* Clinical diagnosis
* Microscopy and culture
* Antigen detection
* Serology
* Histopathology
* Radiology )

foundation of practice (59 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions