basic principle of haematology

Question 1

—- one of the largest organs and it circulates through :

Answer 1

• blood
• vains , artires , capillarites through the bodts heart

Question 2

— the liquid component of the blood in which the cells are suspended and its a complex aqueous solution as :

Answer 2

• plasma
• gas salt proteins carbs lipids

Question 3

the plasma makes up —- of the blood

Answer 3

55% , 4.5 liters

Question 4

other blood composition are:

Answer 4

1- formed elements which makes up 45%
- wbc
- platetes
- white blood cells

Question 5

whole blood is allowed to — and its — , the remaining fluid is — which doesnt contain —–

Answer 5

• clot
• remove
• serum
• coagulation factors

Question 6

—- is the development and production of new blood cells aka we generate the cells
themleudoposises refers to the — of white blood cells while the erythroprosis refers to the —

Answer 6

heamoposis , two thirds , one third

Question 7

we have — times more rbc than wbccc

Answer 7

more than 500

Question 8

the key features of haemoposis:
1- differentiated cells lose their capacity for —-
2- single stem cell produces —- mature cells and accounts for — of all cells in the bone marrow
3- stem cells grow and divide in —-
4- they lose —- which allows them to leave the marrow and enter the circulation
5- requires —– as:

Answer 8

• self renewal
• more than 10 power 6 , account 0.1%
• bone marrow
• CAM aka the cell adhesion molecule
• growth factor as:
  1- erthoprotein
  2- colony stimulating factors
  3- interleukins
• thromboproiten

Question 9

in children the heamoposies occurs in —– such as —–
while adults it occurs mainly in ——

Answer 9

• marrow of the long bones as femur and tibia
• pelvis m cranium , vertebra , sternum

Question 10

In some cases, the liver, thymus, and spleen may resume their haematopoietic function, if necessary. This is called :

Answer 10

extramedullary haematopoiesis

Question 11

Maturation, activation, and some proliferation of lymphoid cells occurs in the :

Answer 11

spleen and lymph nodes

Question 12

anculate discoid shape that lasts 120 days and 1% destroy per day is —-

Answer 12

rbc aka erthocytes

Question 13

—- is a decrease in Hb concentration below the reference range for the age & sex
11.5 – 16.0 g/dL —–
13.5 – 17.5 g/dL —-

Answer 13

• anemia
• female
• male

Question 14

-Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
-Sickle cell anaemia
are examples of

Answer 14

inherted haemolytic anemia

Question 15

rbc are removed by —- and the components that get recycled are:

Answer 15

• macrophages
  1- globin: amino acid reutilised
  2- iron reutilised
  3- haem exreted by bile

Question 16

—– metabolism is the most — and doesnt require —- since multi-cellular organisms need to ——-to all tissues for aerobic metabolism and to —–, the specialised proteins for this:

Answer 16

• aerobic
• most effiencet
• 02
• transport 02
• store 02
• myoglobin and haemoglobin

Question 17

oxygen binding by proteins depends on —
some of the characteristics:
- its not a part of the —–
- tightly bound to a —-
essential for —–
- iron is held in position by —-
- fe +2 can make —-

Answer 17

• haem group ( Protoporphyrin IX +Fe2+ = haem
  )
• polypeptide chain
• protein
• haemoglobin activity ( fe+2 aka ferrous )
• 4 nitrogens
• 2 bonds

Question 18

02 reservoir within the heart and skeletal cells in —

Answer 18

myoglobin as its a compact protein
( extra info: 75% a- helix
8 helices (labelled A-H)
Non-helical regions (AB, BC etc.)
Exterior hydrophilic
Interior hydrophobic except histidines E7 & F8)

Question 19

Haem sits in a crevice near the surface lined with —- , E7 is — and F8 is —

Answer 19

• non polar residue
• distal his
• proximal his

Question 20

— is storage protein bind to 02 avidly and dissociate slow , has one polypeptide and is not co-operative

Answer 20

mb

Question 21

— transports 02 to tissues and c02 and protons away from the tissues.

Answer 21

hb

Question 22

— has 4 polypeptide chains and each chain has hem group which can bind to — , the subunits are held together by —–

Answer 22

• hb
• 4 o2
• non covelant interactons

Question 23

— like chains have chromosome 16
— like chains have chromosomes 11

Answer 23

• alpha like chains
• beta like chain
  ( check slide 20,21 )

Question 24

—- has a higher affinity for 02 than —–

Answer 24

myoglobin , hb

Question 25

——- reflects the amount of oxygen gas dissolved
in the blood.

Answer 25

P02 , partial pressure of oxygen ( check graph 21 important )

Question 26

sigmoid saturation curve occurs when 02 binds to —- which indicates the co-operative binding as cross talk between the protein subunit

Answer 26

02 binding to hb

Question 27

hb dissociates — partial pressure than mb which allows the dilvery of —- from —-

Answer 27

• higher
• 02
• hb to mb

Question 28

true or false:
-sigmoidal shape of 02 binding curve due to the structural changes initiated at one haem transmitted to other haem groups
- hyperbolic shape is the reversible binding of a single 02

Answer 28

true

Question 29

the affinity of the 4th o2 bound is —— than 1st 02 bound

Answer 29

• 300x higher

Question 30

structural changes due to oxygentation:
tense form ( t- from ) to relaxed r form by adding —- by which the ionic bonds will be —-

Answer 30

• +402
• broken

Question 31

allosteric effects examples:

Answer 31

haem-haem interactions coopertivity
Bohr effect
2,3 biphosphoglycerate

Question 32

02 is released more easily at — or —- which in the —- effect which results in:

Answer 32

• low pressure or increased PCO2
• Bohr effect
• stabilised t deoxy form ,decreased 02 affinity
  (read: Differential pH gradients (lungs have higher pH than peripheral tissues) favours unloading of O2 in tissues and loading of O2 in lung
  Shifts curve right
  = P50 increased)

Question 33

—- maximises effect oxygen handling by hb
decrease in pH results in — of oxygen affinity of hb so the graph shifts —

Answer 33

-Bohr effect
- decrease
- right so greater 02 is needed

Question 34

—- present in erythrocyte at equilmolar concentration to Hb , it binds to deoxygenated-hb and decreases the affinity for 02 , binding stabilised the taut T conformation ( basically it limits the o2)

Answer 34

2,3-BGP