basic principle of haematology Flashcards
—- one of the largest organs and it circulates through :
- blood
- vains , artires , capillarites through the bodts heart
— the liquid component of the blood in which the cells are suspended and its a complex aqueous solution as :
- plasma
- gas salt proteins carbs lipids
the plasma makes up —- of the blood
55% , 4.5 liters
other blood composition are:
1- formed elements which makes up 45%
- wbc
- platetes
- white blood cells
whole blood is allowed to — and its — , the remaining fluid is — which doesnt contain —–
- clot
- remove
- serum
- coagulation factors
—- is the development and production of new blood cells aka we generate the cells
themleudoposises refers to the — of white blood cells while the erythroprosis refers to the —
heamoposis , two thirds , one third
we have — times more rbc than wbccc
more than 500
the key features of haemoposis:
1- differentiated cells lose their capacity for —-
2- single stem cell produces —- mature cells and accounts for — of all cells in the bone marrow
3- stem cells grow and divide in —-
4- they lose —- which allows them to leave the marrow and enter the circulation
5- requires —– as:
- self renewal
- more than 10 power 6 , account 0.1%
- bone marrow
- CAM aka the cell adhesion molecule
- growth factor as:
1- erthoprotein
2- colony stimulating factors
3- interleukins - thromboproiten
in children the heamoposies occurs in —– such as —–
while adults it occurs mainly in ——
- marrow of the long bones as femur and tibia
- pelvis m cranium , vertebra , sternum
In some cases, the liver, thymus, and spleen may resume their haematopoietic function, if necessary. This is called :
extramedullary haematopoiesis
Maturation, activation, and some proliferation of lymphoid cells occurs in the :
spleen and lymph nodes
anculate discoid shape that lasts 120 days and 1% destroy per day is —-
rbc aka erthocytes
—- is a decrease in Hb concentration below the reference range for the age & sex
11.5 – 16.0 g/dL —–
13.5 – 17.5 g/dL —-
- anemia
- female
- male
-Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
-Sickle cell anaemia
are examples of
inherted haemolytic anemia
rbc are removed by —- and the components that get recycled are:
- macrophages
1- globin: amino acid reutilised
2- iron reutilised
3- haem exreted by bile
—– metabolism is the most — and doesnt require —- since multi-cellular organisms need to ——-to all tissues for aerobic metabolism and to —–, the specialised proteins for this:
- aerobic
- most effiencet
- 02
- transport 02
- store 02
- myoglobin and haemoglobin
oxygen binding by proteins depends on —
some of the characteristics:
- its not a part of the —–
- tightly bound to a —-
essential for —–
- iron is held in position by —-
- fe +2 can make —-
- haem group ( Protoporphyrin IX +Fe2+ = haem
) - polypeptide chain
- protein
- haemoglobin activity ( fe+2 aka ferrous )
- 4 nitrogens
- 2 bonds
02 reservoir within the heart and skeletal cells in —
myoglobin as its a compact protein
( extra info: 75% a- helix
8 helices (labelled A-H)
Non-helical regions (AB, BC etc.)
Exterior hydrophilic
Interior hydrophobic except histidines E7 & F8)
Haem sits in a crevice near the surface lined with —- , E7 is — and F8 is —
- non polar residue
- distal his
- proximal his
— is storage protein bind to 02 avidly and dissociate slow , has one polypeptide and is not co-operative
mb
— transports 02 to tissues and c02 and protons away from the tissues.
hb
— has 4 polypeptide chains and each chain has hem group which can bind to — , the subunits are held together by —–
- hb
- 4 o2
- non covelant interactons
— like chains have chromosome 16
— like chains have chromosomes 11
- alpha like chains
- beta like chain
( check slide 20,21 )
—- has a higher affinity for 02 than —–
myoglobin , hb
——- reflects the amount of oxygen gas dissolved
in the blood.
P02 , partial pressure of oxygen ( check graph 21 important )
sigmoid saturation curve occurs when 02 binds to —- which indicates the co-operative binding as cross talk between the protein subunit
02 binding to hb
hb dissociates — partial pressure than mb which allows the dilvery of —- from —-
- higher
- 02
- hb to mb
true or false:
-sigmoidal shape of 02 binding curve due to the structural changes initiated at one haem transmitted to other haem groups
- hyperbolic shape is the reversible binding of a single 02
true
the affinity of the 4th o2 bound is —— than 1st 02 bound
- 300x higher
structural changes due to oxygentation:
tense form ( t- from ) to relaxed r form by adding —- by which the ionic bonds will be —-
- +402
- broken
allosteric effects examples:
haem-haem interactions coopertivity
Bohr effect
2,3 biphosphoglycerate
02 is released more easily at — or —- which in the —- effect which results in:
- low pressure or increased PCO2
- Bohr effect
- stabilised t deoxy form ,decreased 02 affinity
(read: Differential pH gradients (lungs have higher pH than peripheral tissues) favours unloading of O2 in tissues and loading of O2 in lung
Shifts curve right
= P50 increased)
—- maximises effect oxygen handling by hb
decrease in pH results in — of oxygen affinity of hb so the graph shifts —
-Bohr effect
- decrease
- right so greater 02 is needed
—- present in erythrocyte at equilmolar concentration to Hb , it binds to deoxygenated-hb and decreases the affinity for 02 , binding stabilised the taut T conformation ( basically it limits the o2)
2,3-BGP
