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foundation of practice > cell biology transcription > Flashcards

cell biology transcription Flashcards

1
Q

the expression of genes into proteins involves 2 processes:

A

transcription and translataion
( the regulation occurs at each step as:
1- chromatin structure
2- transcription initiation
3- mRNA stability
4- trasncriptiing processing )

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2
Q

when cell needs to produce certain proteins , it activates the region of the genome encoding for that protein and produces —- copies of that dna in the form of —–

A
  • multiple
  • mRNA
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3
Q

multiple copies of —- are used to translate the genetic code into protein aka the photocopy portion of the cell through the action of the cells protein manufacturing machinery called —-

A
  • mRNA
  • ribosomes
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4
Q

—– expands the quantity of a given protein and it gives an important control point for regulating when and how much proteins gets made

A

mRNA

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5
Q
  • important for copying the genetic info from dna ( primary a storage form of the genome )
  • contributes to the formation of ribosomes ( ribosomes are particles important for the sythesis of new proteins )
  • help assemble new polypeptides by bringing individuals amino acids ( tRNA )
    are all fucntions for —–
A

RNA

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6
Q

rna is — stranded of 2/3degree structure and is found in —— and the sugar is —- while dna is only found in —-

A
  • single stranded
  • nucleas and cytoplasm
  • ribose sugar
  • nucleas
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7
Q

—– is a type of rna that codes for proteins when produced by transcprtion , is translated m contains instruction for protein scythes and is found in nucleus and cytoplasm

A

mrna

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8
Q

—- is a type of rna that form a basic structure of the ribosome and catalyse protein sythesis

A

rRNA

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9
Q

—- is a type of rna by which it function in variety of nuclear process including splicing the pre-mrna

A

snRNA ( small nuclear rna )

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10
Q

—- type of rna that function in variety of diverse cellular process including regulation of gene expression , x- chromosome inactivation and protein transport

A

ncRNA ( non coding rna)

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11
Q

transcription begins at the —- at the end of the —- region , trancrption ends at the —– site

A
  • transcription start site ( TSS)
  • promoter region
  • termination site
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12
Q

—- are regions of the dna upstream of the TSS which lead the initiation of transcpriton , each gene has a unique one and the 2 different types are:

A
  • promotors
  • basal promotor and enhancer element
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13
Q

—- recognised by the proteins that will aid transcription ( aka transcription factors )

A

enhancer

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14
Q

— bound by a key transcriptional enzyme rna polymerase II and basal transcription factors required ( which is required for rna pol II bidding )

A

basal

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15
Q

—– essential for trancpriton of all genes and fucntions recruit in RNA pol II , binds basal/general trancripton factors first and these once are bound to en pol II will bind . example:

A
  • basal promotor
  • TATA box which is common ( 20-30 base pairs from transcriptional start site and can bind basal Tfs and RNA pol II )
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16
Q

—- is a process by which the info in a strand of dna is copied into a new molecule of messenger rna ( mRNA )

A

transcpriton
( process:
1- transcription by which exons are protein coding and introns are non coding
2- trancirption processing
3- splicing
4- protein transaltion )

17
Q

transcpriton is catalysed by —- which this enzyme transcribes just one of the 2 dna strands of the gene reading the template —- direction and making and rna copy —- direction
it incorporates ——- when creating mrna copy of the dna

A
  • rna polymerase II
  • 3’-5’
  • 5’-3’
  • NTP ( nucletodietriphosphate aka a,g,u,c )
18
Q

three stages of tracnription :
1- in initiation the —– binds to the dna and unwind 17-18 bp segment of the —–
2- in elongation the —– moves along the — sytheisinf dna until it reaches the ——- . during this phase an area of the dna under the rna poly II remains — this —– moves along the dna
3-in termination the transcription continues beyond the —– , it recruits the —– enzyme that cleaves mRNA which is 20 bases —- beyond the sequence

A
  • rna polymerase II
  • promoter aka the open complex
  • rna poly ii
  • template
  • termination region
  • unwound
  • transcription bubble
  • protein encoding region 3’UTR ( untranslated region )
  • endonuclease
  • downstream
19
Q

true or false:
in termination most eukaryotic mRNA precursors have the motif AAUAAA within the transcribed sequence = polyadenylation signal sequence

A

true

20
Q

in post transcriptionl mrna processing:
the rna molecule sythesies by the rna pol II is called —- and the collection of these precursors molecules is known as —-
extensive modification in:

A

-primary 1 degree transcript
-heterogeneous nuclear rna ( hnRNA)
- 5’ capping and 3’ poly A tail

21
Q

—- is the addition of the 6-methyl-guanosine residue .
the function of this capping is the protection of the mRNA from degradation of the exonuclease , promotes nuclear export and aids recognition by the translational machinery

A
  • 5’ capping
22
Q

after the polyadenylation signal sequence has been —- which is the —- , —- is recruited and cleave —- , then the poly A polymerase then add 40-250 adenine residues to the cleaved —– end

A
  • recognised
  • AAUAAA
  • endonuclease
  • mrna
  • 3’end
23
Q

mRNA from different genes have their longevity encoded within them the — sequence determines the stability of the mRNA and the destabilizing of this sequence target for —— and the — protects from the degradation

A
  • 3’ UTR
  • endoculease
  • 5’cap
24
Q

—— confers mRNA stability

A

poly A tail

25
Q

gene transcribed to produce mRNA with both — and —-
the —- only encode the protein coding region of the mrna must be processed before translated

A
  • exons and introns
  • exons
26
Q

the main areas of post transcprtional regualtion are:

A
  • mrna stability
  • differential mrna splicing
27
Q

the non coding intronic sequence are not presented in —- they are spliced/cut our and adjacent — are joined together,

A
  • mature rna
  • exons
28
Q

1-the splicing is Carrie out by molecular machine known as —- as its a large complex consisting od ——
2- small nuclear RNA combine w number of proteins to form —- which facilitate splicing by recognising and interacting w specific sequence at each end of the intron , cutting and rejoining the rna
3- splicing occurs releasing the —

A
  • splicisomes
  • proteins and rna
  • snRNA
  • introns
29
Q

we need to turn genes on and off to genrate —- as every cell has the same dna content bu differentiate into different cells

A
  • specify
30
Q

—- genes are involved in metabolism/dna repair , regulating transcription and translation and they are always being made

A
  • constitutive gene
31
Q

—– are only syethsied when required and it determines the development and tissue specificity and allows the cells to respond to the environment as: hormones m cytokines , cell-cell interaction

A

inducible gene

32
Q

1- transcpriton can be activated in a —–
2- —- always on and level of gene expression is determined by how many —- and how much — around
3- — turned on when needed and determines the tissue specificity

A
  • constitutive or inducible
  • consitive
  • binding sites
  • tf
  • inducible
33
Q

—- are proteins that bind specific dna sequence in the gene promoter , it controls the — of the transaction , 100s of different transcpriton factors each recognise unique dna sequence , it also interacts w rna pol II

A
  • transaction factors
  • rate
34
Q

the number of —— for the transcrption factor in the promoter region determines the — of the transcprion

A
  • binding sites
  • rate
35
Q

—- allows only genes that are required to be switched on , allows rapid and dynamic response to stimulus , specific regulation of adjoining regions of dna

A

inducible tf

36
Q

—– are small strands of rna that regulate dene expression (20-25 nucleotide ) , transcribed from the dna but non coding aka they don’t make proteins , partially complimentary to the number of mRNA aka the protein coding ones , primary function is to down regulate gene expression

A

microRNA , miRNA

37
Q

how does miRNA block gene expression ?
1- promotes rna — and binds complementary sequence in the —- UTR which induces degradation
2- binds — and blocks —-

A
  • degradation
  • 3’
  • mrna
  • translation
38
Q

true or false:
- non coding dna is known as junk dna
- only 2% of human genome makes protien
- 205 is the elements required for gene expression as introns , promoters , enhancers

A
  • true
  • false , 1%
  • true

foundation of practice (59 decks)

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