enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

enzymes are …… and they are …… which ….. the speed if the chemical reaction in the bldy by …… and they are …. consumed

A
  • gobular
  • catalysts
  • increase
    -?10 power 6 -10 power 12 folds
  • not consumed
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2
Q

some enzymes require — which are small organic compound or metal ions

A

co factors

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3
Q

—- is a place where the enzymes fold and enzymes also have — by which it binds. its lined with the —– side chains that binds the substrate non-covalently and it forms —– complex and result in creation of a —– and the model is called —

A
  • active site
  • substrate
  • amino acid
  • ES complex ( enzyme-substrate complex )
  • product
    ( the formula:
    E ( enzyme ) + S —> ES —> E+ P
  • lock and key model
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4
Q

the naming of the enzymes are based on:

A

1- the type of reaction catalysed followed by the suffix -ase as: hydrogenase , protease , transferase and reductase
2- name of the substrate as: gluckinase ( substrate is glucose ) and hexokinase ( substrate histoses)
3- the source of the enzyme: pancreatic lipase , salivary amylase
4- its regulation: hormone specific lipase
5- other names that are not obvious enzymes names as: trypsin, pepsin , thrombin

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5
Q

the systematic name of the enzymes are based on —- this identifies the —– and —- involved and there are — classes of enzymes

A
  • the International union of biochemist IUB
  • type of reaction it catalysis and substrate envolved
  • 6 classes which are:
    1- oxidoreductase
    2- transferase
    3- hydrolase
    4- lyase
    5- isomerase
    6- ligase
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6
Q

—- transfers of electrons and hydrogen from one redox system to another

A

oxidoreductase

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7
Q

—- move ( transfer ) groups from one moliducle to another as phosphate, amino , carboxyl

A

transferase

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8
Q

—- cleavege of bond using water

A

hydrolase

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9
Q

—- cleaveage of chemical bonds as: c-c , c-sulphur

A

lyase

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10
Q

— rearrangement of binds

A

isomerase

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11
Q

—- bond formation c and oxygen , sulphur , nitrogen

A

ligase ( sythesase)

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12
Q

each enzyme has an optimum — for the biological activity , the velocity of the enzymatic reaction —- up to the point and then starts — due to protein denaturation

A
  • temp
  • increases
  • decreasing
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13
Q

each enzyme has an optimum — for the biological activity and the functions are mostly effective at their optimum.
the changes of this property may lead to:

A
  • ph
  • function of the active side amino acid side chain
  • mat cause denaturation
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14
Q

the enzyme kinetics is the rate of an enzyme reaction is the change in —- of the —— and —- per unit of —-

A
  • concentration (M)
  • product and substrate
  • time ( min or s )
    formula :
    rate of reaction : decrease in substrate concentration/ change in time
    rate of reaction: increase in product concentration/ change in time
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15
Q

— degrees is when proteins starts denutration
—- is the ph of pepsin
—- is the ph of trypsin
—- is the ph of alkaline phosphatase

A
  • 50 degrees
  • 2
  • 6
  • 9
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16
Q

— is the number of substrate molecules converted into products per unit per unit of time and is expressed as —-

A
  • enzyme rate or velocity
  • micro molar ( uMol per min )
17
Q

— affects the enzyme rate , and as it increases the — of the reaction increases too.
this increase is — until it reaches platue where further increase in S does not proceed any increase in the rate of reaction , this occurs bc at low S the rate of reaction is — by the number of susbatre molecules available to bind to the active site

A
  • [ S]
  • increases
  • linear
  • limited
    ( check the graph its important )
18
Q

as the number of molecules the enzymes become — and all binding sites are constantly — by the substrate

A
  • saturated , occupied
19
Q

the Michaels-menten equation plots the —- of the reaction against the different — result in a —

A
  • rate of the reaction V
  • substrate
  • curve
    V = (Vmax + {s} / Km + {S} )
20
Q

—- can be estimated by the plateau of the curve
—- this is a substrate concentration at which the rate is half the v max

A

V max , Km

21
Q

— reflects the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate expressed in molar concentration

A

km

22
Q

low km indicates — which means only — concentration is needed of the substrate to saturate the enzyme

A

high affinity , low con needed
( check graph slide 15)

23
Q

—- is any substance that can diminish the velocity of an enzyme-cataysled reaction

A

inhibitor ( can be either competitive or non completive )

24
Q

— binds reversibly to the active site of the enzyme
enzyme is inhibited at — concentration
as the [s] — the inhibitor is displaced and the enzyme activity returns back to normal
— is increased
— remains unchanged

A
  • compitive inhibtor
  • low concentration
  • rise
  • km
  • kmax
25
Q

— is an inhibitor that binds to the site other than the active site of the enzyme which —- the reaction rate , the — remains unchanged while the —- decreases

A
  • non-competitive inhibitor
  • reduces
  • km
  • kmaxx
26
Q

in the presence of —– inhibitor
the vmax is decreased and the km remains the same while the effect cant be overcome by an increase of [s]

A

non-copetitev inhibitor

27
Q

in the presence of —- inhibitor the km is increased as more substrate is needed to reach 1/2 the vmax and the kmax remains unchanged , the reaction velocity reaches the same vmax observed in the absence of the inhibitor , sufficiently high [s] the effect can be reversed by increasing [s]

A

competitive inhibitor

28
Q

—- are non proteins substance required for an enzymetic reaction to occur . they are often metal ions as:
the organic cofactors are known as —– such as:

A
  • cofactors
  • copper and mg
  • coenzymes as vitamines , they are often involved in oxidation reduction reactions acting as electron donors or acceptors