chronic inflammation Flashcards
true or false:
1.chronic inflammation is for prolonged period of time and delayed response
2.its the result from imbalance between progressive tissue damage caused by persistent damaging stimulus and attempted eradication of the damaging agent followed by tissue repair
3. chronic inflammation begins insidiously aka ab initial and it preceded by acute inflammation , stimulus can either persists or recurs
- true
- false , balance
- true
the cells involved in chronic inflammatory are
macrophages and lymphocytes
the chronic inflammation following acute inflammation is the:
1. progression of —-
2. organisation of an —- aka progression of acute osteomyelitis to chronic ostemolytis
3. presence of —- materials as wood implanted into wound and surgical sutures
4. recurrent episode of —– as chronic cholecystitis
- acute inflammation
- abscess
- indigestible
- acute inflammation
chronic inflammation : ab initio includes:
1. persistent —— as:
2. prolonged exposure to —-
3. —— diseases as:
4. diseases of —–
1- persistent infection as:
▪ Mycobacterium tuberculosis
▪ Treponema pallidum
▪ Fungi
2. toxic agents as : silica or asbestos
3. autoimmune as SLE and rheaumatoid arthritis
4. unknown aetiology as: inflammatory bowel disease
features of chronic inflammation includes :
- monuclear cells as macophaes plasma cells and lymphocytes
- tissue destruction
- reapir granulation tissue as angioagenisis and fibrosis
macrophages are derived from —- and ▪ Kupffer cells (liver)
▪ Sinus histiocytes (spleen and lymph nodes)
▪ Alveolar macrophages (lung)
▪ Micoglia (CNS)
▪ Osteoclasts (bone)
are all known to be —-
- blood monocytes
- tissue macrophages
the main effector cells in chronic inflammation —- and are extravasion of —– aka adhesion molecules and chemical mediators and they transform into —–
- macrophages
- monocytes
- larger macrophages
role of macrophages :
1. they are activated by:
2. involved in —- and are —- presenting
3. releases —– mediators influencing initiating the proegression of inflammation which leads to :
- tissue destruction
- vascular proliferation ( angiogenesis ) and fibrosis
- activated by cytokines and bacterial endotoxins
- phagosytosis and are antigen presenting
- inflammatory
products released by macrophages include:
- Tissue destruction
▪ Proteases and other enzymes
▪ AA metabolites
▪ Toxic oxygen metabolites
▪ NO
▪ Coagulation factors
▪ Neutrophil chemotactic factors - Vascular proliferation and fibrosis
▪ GFs
▪ Cytokines
▪ Remodelling collagenase and metalloproteinase
1.t lymphocytes are produced in — 2.maturation occurs in —- Ala TCR rearrangement.
3.the activation of the T cells requires binding of ——
4. t lymphocytes release —-
- bone marrow
- thymus
- AG/MCH
- lymphokines
—- are MHC class II
—– are MHC class I
- CD4
- CD8
true or false:
T cells regulate macrophages activation in recruitment w lymphokines
true
b cells are produced in —- and are activated by —- these cells derived from the b cells have encountered —– and are differentiated into —- producing cells and are rich in —- in order to make —-
- bone marrow
- plasma cells
- antigen
- antibody
- rough er
- antibodies
estinophils are common in many —- inflammatory reactions and are effective killers of —- .
they mediate tissue damage , MBP aka toxic to parasites and are phagocytic
- allergic
- parasites
true or false:
1.NK and other lymphocyte subtypes help eliminate
viruses and bacteria
true
—- are the least common type of leukocytes in the blood as they migrate into the tissue and become —- , both —– and —- have cell surface — for —- and when stimulated masked cells can release inflammatory mediators including acids mucopolysaccharides, heparin, proteinases
- basophil
- mast cells
- mast cells and basophils
- receptors
- IgE
—- are derived from bone marrow progenitors and they circulate in the blood , immature precursors , settle in tissue where they differentiate .
- involved in antigen presenting
- are primary cell types that stimulate naive T cells to imitate immune response
- antigens bind to —— and —– and then present antigens to —- and activates them
- dendritic cells
- MHC class 2 and dendritic cells
- lymphocytes
1.—- is a specific form of chronic inflammation where its caused from aggregation of macrophages have enlarged , epithelium like appearance called ——
2. —– nodular collection of epitheliod macrophages surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes
3. —- large cells w a multiple nuclei aka fusion of macrophages
- granulomatous inflammation
- epitheliod macrophages
- granuloma ( aka cluster of wbc )
- giant cells
granulomatous inflammation is seen in response to —- irritating agent which is — digested and/or which imitates a — mediated response aka which are:
it aims to —– or —- damaging agents
- persistent
- poorly
- cell mediated response
- which are: substance resist to lysosomal degradation and substances that induce a T cell hypersensitivity
- aims to control or remove
( check slide 24 )
causes of granuloma inflammation:
- bacteria:
▪ Tuberculosis
▪ Leprosy
▪ Cat scratch
disease
2.parasites:
▪ Schistosomiasis
▪ Toxoplasmosis
▪ Leishmaniasis - fungi:
▪ Histoplasmosis
▪ Blastomycosis - spirochetes : syphilis
foreign body type granuloma occurs when in response to —– forge in materials it can be exogenous as:
or endogenous as:
- poorly digestible foreign materials
- exo : splinter , suture , graft material
- endo: keratin , hair shafts in pilonidal sinus
type IV delayed hypersensitivity is the interaction between —- and —–
CD4 helper T cells and macrophages
(* Macrophages present Ags via MHC II to CD4 helper
cells causing their activation
* T cells produce cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ)
▪ TB
▪ Fungal infection
▪ Sarcoidosis )
microscopic appearance ( important )
- Foreign body granuloma
▪ Macrophages cluster around the foreign material
▪ Multinucleated giant cells with haphazardly arranged
nuclei throughout the cytoplasm - Type IV delayed hypersensitivity :
▪ Langhans type giant cells
▪ Caseous necrosis in TB
true or false:
- tubersulsoris are caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
- these organisms induce type IV hypersensitivity
- lungs and spleen are main sites of infection
- true
- true
- false: lungs and lymph nodes
