Vision and Sensory Flashcards
Cataracts
Cloudy Lens
Gradual onset of painless blurry vision
Can end in blindness if left untreated
Cataracts: Risk factors
Older age = #1
Eye trauma
Chronic Corticosteroid use
Smoking and ETOH consumption
more
Cataract Manifestations
Painless Blurry vision with halos around light. Often have altered color perception and glare issues
Decrease accommodation
Diabetic Retinopathy: 2 types
Nonproliferative retinopathy
Proliferative retinopathy
Diabetic Nonproliferative retinopathy
-Capillary microaneurysms, retinal swelling, hard exudate
-Macular edema - plasma leaks from macular blood vessels
-Capillaries rupture leading to “dot or blot” hemorrhaging
Diabetic Proliferative Retinopathy
-Advanced retinopathy
-Growth of new blood vessels that are fragile and leaky
Hypertensive Retinopathy: Etiology and etc
High blood pressure creates blockages in retinal blood vessels
Sustained, severe HTN can cause sudden visual loss related swelling of the optic disc and nerve
Normal vision is restored with treatment of the HTN
Retinal Detachment
Retina has tear or leak
Vitreous humor flows behind the retina this leads to rapid progression of the detachment from the choroid
Detached Retina: RF
Usually spontaneous:
-Myopia (Near sight) (Can’t see far away)
-Over 40
-Traumas to the head
Clinical Manifestations of Detached Retina
-Sudden, unilateral vision loss
-May see floaters and curtain drop with flashes of light
Age Related Macular degeneration
-Most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60 in the US
Wet or dry
Macular degeneration: Etiology and RF’s
Retinal aginig
UV light exposure - Sunny Pilots
Hyperopia (farsightedness) (cant see close)
Light colored eyes
Protective factors for macular degenerations
Dark green, leafy vegetable protective
Dry macular degeneration
Yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium
Most common
Wet macular degeneration
Growth of new, leaky blood vessels in an abnormal location of the retina
Least common
Macular Degeneration Manifestations and treatment
-Blurred and darkened vision
-Blind spots (scotomas)
-Distorted vision (metamorphopsia)
Vision does not improve, treatment is limited.
scotomas
Blind spots that happen in macular degeneration
metamorphopsia
Distorted vision. Happens in macular degeneration
Glaucoma
Elevated intraocular pressure + vision changes / optic nerve damage
chronic condition
usually bilateral
Open-Angle Glaucoma: RF’s
-Older age
-AA’s 3x-4x higher risk
-Myopia (nearsightedness) (cant see far)
-Diabetes, HTN, Migraines
-Fx
Open Angle Glucoma Pathogensis
Abnormal trabecular meshwork
Reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of Schlemm
Imbalance between inflow and outflow
Resutls in increase IOP and vision problems
OA glaucoma: Clinical Manifestations
-Non usually
-Progressive loss of sight
-Halos around lights
-Tunnel vision
Closed Angle Gluacome
Less common
Abnormal angle between the iris and later cornea
In closed angle glaucoma outflow is blocked when the pupil is
DIALATED
Closed angle glaucoma is also known as
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Narrow-angle glaucoma
Closed angle Glaucoma: RF
Asian american
Females
Hyperopia
What triggers acute episode
Anticholinergics (And there are tons)
Acute angle glaucoma: clinical manifestations
-Typically unilateral
-Severe eye pain
-Nausea and vomiting
-Blurry vision, halos
-Reddened eyes
-Dilated pupil-non reactive to light
-Cloudy cornea
Glaucoma and Blindness
Increase IOP leads to more pressure on the inner eye. This leads to decrease blood flow to optic nerve which leads to nerve fiber death
Blindness
Pharmacotherapy for glaucoma
Drugs that decrease aqueous humor production
Increase aqueous humor drainage or both
For acute-agnel crisis: Must treat with surgical intervention
First line therapies: Drops in the eyes for glaucoma
Beta blocker
Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist
Prostaglandin analogs
How to keep optic topical agents localized
Used nasolacrimal pressure with instillation and hold for 2 min
Helps prevent systemic effects
Meniere Disease
Endolymphatic hydrops
Disorder of the middle ear
Can be unilateral or bilateral
Meniere Disease: Pathogensis
Excessive endolymph and pressure in the membranes disrupt vestibular (balance) and hearing functions
Meniere Disease: Clinical Manifestations
Recurring vertigo (usually nausea and vomiting), hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and feeling fullness
Meniere Disease: Treatment
Symptomatic = Treat symptoms
Sodium Restriction
