Cardio Patho PT. 1 (Exam 3) Flashcards
Ischemic Heart Disease Consist of
Coronary Artery Disease
Stable Angina
Unstable Angina
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary arteries branch from the aorta
Arteries become CLOGGED d/t atherosclerosis and heart does not work as well
What do the coronary arteries do?
They branch right off of the aorta and give the heart it’s O2 to continue pumping
Most concerning coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery LAD
Widow maker
This feeds the left ventricle. The left ventricle is the power house of the heart
Main Problems with the heart
- Electrical (conduction)
- Plumbing (Artery blockage, spasm, or valve issue)
- Pump (heart muscle)
When we have coronary artery disease the vessel become plugged…
and the heart cells begin to die
Stable angina
Stable fixed atherosclerotic plaque and chest pain brought on by exertion
Coronary Artery Disease is also called
Coronary heart disease
Heart disease
CAD causes Heart Attack but not everyone with CAD has had a heart attack
Non Modifiable Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Age
Family history
Gender (males more likely earlier) (Woman after menopause same risk)
Ethnicity (black - hispanic - native american - indigenous)
Genetics
Mddifiable Risk Factors for CAD
HTN (2-3x)
Smoking (The worst)
Diabetes
Obesity/Inactivity (Android)
Diet
Hyperlipidemia (BIG BIG BIG)
Depression/Stress
CAD: Etiology
Atherosclerosis develops in the arteries supplying the myocardium = ARTERY BLOCKAGE
Blockage causes decreased tissue perfusion leading to ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
Heart must work harder to pump the blood causing more problems
What is endothelial dysfunction
Vessels aren’t necessarily blocked out but become narrowed when they are supposed to dilate
What causes endothelial dysfunction
DM
HTN
HLD
Smoking
Hormones and catecholamines
What is the main symptom of CAD
Angina
Coronary arteries continue to narrow, the decreased blood flow may cause chest pain
Complete Occlusion
= Myocardial infarction = heart attack
Associated symptoms of angina
Heartburn
Palpitations
Irregular Rate
Weakness
Dizziness
Anxiety
Cold Sweat
Burning sensation
Stable Angina
Coronary Blood Flow is diminished but not completely blocked
There is an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand
What is the big sign of stable angina
Occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest
Usually last 2-5 min and goes away when they stop doing what they are doing
What is the big sign of unstable angina
Occurs at rest and last greater than 10 min
Is not relieved by rest
Teach that when they have chest pain upon exertion
Sit down and take medications
Decrease the workload on the heart by resting
It is important to _____________ the heart being the cause of chest pain _____________ exploring non-cardiac causes
Exclude
Before
Chest pain cardiac vs non cardiac
Cardiac:
Pressure and tightness
Poorly localized
Associated with exertion or stress
Relieved within min
Non Cardiac:
Sharp and stabbing
Well localized
May be positional
No predictable relation to exertion
Seconds to days
Atypical Angina in Women
Discomfort – Hot or Burning discomfort and tenderness
Not always in chest
Other non specific symptoms
When chest pain is associated with myocardial infarction
Pain not brought on by exertion
Pain that radiates to other areas
Pain not relieved in 2-5 min
Often accompanied by N/V, SOA, Diaphoresis
Myocardial Infarction: Pain areas
radiating pain
Neck
Jaw
Upper abdomen
Shoulders
Arm
What do we do with stable angina
Rest and relaxation
Nitrates
Prevent/treat atherosclerosis
Teach about myocardial infarctions
