Oncology Pt. 2 (Exam 4)

Question 1

Carcinogenesis

Answer 1

Origin of cancer

Question 2

Carcinogenesis Involves

Answer 2

Genes

Carcinogens

Promoters

Question 3

Four phases of carcinogenesis

Answer 3

Initiation (reversible)

Promotion (reversible)

Progression

Metastasis

Question 4

All cancers originate from mutations in

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

What are required is the process of changing a normal cell to a cancer cell?

Answer 5

Gene mutations

Question 6

Gene mutations can be

Answer 6

hereditary or sporadic, meaning that they were acquired during a person’s lifetime or pass down from parents

Question 7

Two major classes of cancer genes

Answer 7

Tumor suppressor genes

Oncogenes

Question 8

Tumor-suppressor genes

Answer 8

Keep cell from dividing two quickly

If something go wrongs with this gene cellular division can go out of control

Question 9

Oncogenes

Answer 9

Mutated proto-oncogenes

Growth signal permanently ON

Cells growing and dividing out of control. G

Question 10

p53 gene

Answer 10

A tumor suppressor gene in cells that controls cellular apoptosis (natural death of cells with damaged DNA)

Question 11

Proto-Oncogenes

Answer 11

Are genes that stimulate and regulate a cells movement through the cell cycles, resulting in cellular growth and proliferation

Question 12

Mutated Proto Oncogene is called

Answer 12

Oncogenes (This when cells grows out of control)

Question 13

Carcinogens

Answer 13

Substances that cause development of cancer

Can alter DNA

Damage is cumulative

Question 14

Carcinogen Classification

Answer 14

Known (proven)

Probable (studies show) (women who work night shift)

Possible (No evidence) (engine exhaust)

Question 15

Promoters

Answer 15

Agents that promote development of cancer

Question 16

Examples of promoters

Answer 16

High fat diet

Alcohol

Tobacco (Also carcinogen)

Hormones (Longer estrogen exposure = higher risk)

Question 17

Viral Induced Cancer

Answer 17

Certain malignancies are associated with cancer inducing viruses

For any virus to live and propagate, it must inset its genes into the host cells genome

The host cell then becomes a manufacturer of the virus

HIV-HPV

Question 18

In order for tumors to spread they must have their own blood supply. So cancer cells secrete

Answer 18

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

A substance that give them the capability to develop new blood vessels

Question 19

Metastasis Terminology: Primary vs Secondary

Answer 19

Primary: The site of origin

Secondary: Not the site of origin. Where the cancer spread

Question 20

Cancer can spread via

Answer 20

-Seeding

-Implantation

-Metastasis

Question 21

Cancer Spread: Seeding

Answer 21

Tumor erodes and sheds into body cavities. The seed can implant somewhere else in the body cavity

Use abdominal cavity

Question 22

Cancer Spread: Implantation

Answer 22

Direct expansion of the tumor to a joining tissue. Prostate to bladder

Question 23

Cancer Spread: Metastasis

Answer 23

Lymphatic system

Vascular system

Question 24

Lymphatic Spread: Cancer cells are trapped in the lymph nodes and three things can happen

Answer 24

1: Death
2: Dormancy
3: Flourish/proliferate

If they survive, then they spread to node to node

Question 25

Vascular Spread

Answer 25

Cancer Cells Penetrate Blood Vessels. The first stop is typically the liver because of the portal view system.

First stop is typically liver

Question 26

Secondary Tumors

Answer 26

The site depends on the location of the primary tumor. The tumor needs oxygen

Question 27

Lung cancer spreads to

Answer 27

Bone and Brain

Question 28

Colon cancer spreads to

Answer 28

Liver

Question 29

Breast cancer spreads to

Answer 29

Bone

Brain

Liver

Lung

Question 30

Prostate cancer spreads to

Answer 30

Vertebrae

Question 31

Melanoma spreads to

Answer 31

Brain