HIV/AIDS Flashcards
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
A retrovirus that destroys CDS4+ T cells
Types of HIV and which one is most prevalent in the united states
-HIV-1 discovered first and most prevalent
-HIV-2 less pathogenic and confined to West Africa
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Caused by the HIV
-Typical untreated HIV infection that turns to aids
-Severe immune system dysfunction present when aids occurs
76% of adults and adolescents with HIV are
Men and black men have highest rate of new HIV infections
Men who have sex with men account for most new and existing HIV infections
New cases of HIV among women are increasing
Do not discount certain groups of people just because they arent highest risk
What is a retrovirus?
HIV
A type of virus that uses an enzyme reverse transcriptase, to translate its genetic information inot DNA
Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS
- Retro virus that cannot replicate outside of living host cells
- Contains only RNA; no DNA
- Destroys the body’s ability to fight infections
- Infects CD$ cells - The primary target of HIV infection
Pathogenesis of HIV (main)
- Virus binds to the cell, the virus fuses with the cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter the cell
- Once inside, the virus uses** Reverse transcriptase** to make a DNA copy of its own RNA genetic material
- The viral DNA copy is then inserted into the genetic material of the infected cell, assisted by a viral enzyme call HIV integrase
- HIV inserts all the viral genes to direct the synthesis and assemble more virus
- The final stages of virus production requires a viral enzyme called HIV protease which is responsible for the virus particles that are released to attack, replicate and release more virus
-Helper T lymphocytes are their primary targets
Event: 1. HIV invades CD4+ cells and becomes part of cell DNA
Significance: 1. Individual is infected for life
Event 2: Virus proliferates in infected cells and shed virus particles
Significance 2: Virus present in blood and body fluids (also how they are spread)
Event 3: Body forms anti-HIV antibodies
Significance 3: Antibodies are marker of infection but are not protective like other antibodies
Event 4: Progressive destruction of HELPER T Cells
Significance 4: Compromised cell-mediated immunity
Event 5: Immune system collapse
Significance 5: Opportunistic infection, neoplasms
Why is HIV such a problem?
Decreases the number of CD4+ helper cells
-These CD4+ and T helper cells are necessary for immune function
Why is HIV such a problem?
HIV replicates prolifically
10 billion HIV particles are produced each day
Overwhelms the bodies defenses
Clinical Course: Stage 1 HIV
Early infection
-Rapid replications
-Not detectable by traditional lab tests
-No symptoms (non specific)
-Immediately infectious (spread disease before any symptoms)
Clinical course: Seroconversion
-Antibodies are detectable (We can detect the virus)
-Flu-like symptoms for several weeks
-HIGHLY INFECTIOUS
Clinical Course: Stage 2 HIV (latency)
Latency Stage
-Virus levels have stabilized (body is fighting infection)
-Last 3-12 years without tx (Can last decades with tx)
-Asymptomatic or mild symptoms
Clinical Course: Stage 2 (latency) (Rapid virus production)
-Persistent drop in CD4 T cell count
-Antiviral fight becomes less effective
-Viral load increases
Clinical Course: Stage 3 Symptomatic HIV infection
Eventually lead to AIDS
Symptoms of HIV
Symptoms usually 2-4 weeks post infection
-Sore throat
-Fever
-Night sweats
-Fatigue
-Chills
-Swollen lymph nodes
-Rash
-Muscle aches
Diagnosis of AIDS
1 and 2
Must have an AIDS defining conditions
and or
CD4 count less than 200 cell/mm3 regardless if an AIDS - defining condition is present
AIDS Defining Conditions (8)
- Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia
- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
- Invasive Cervical Cancer
- HIV related encephalopathy
- Kaposi’s sarcome
- Pervasive candidiasis
- Aids defening Dementia
- Waisting syndrome
Wild, Alien, Pengiuns, Keep, Hiding, Inside, My, Pantry
Oral Manifestations HIV
-Very common and seen with CD4 counts drop
-Higher risk of progression to AIDS
-Teach patients about proper oral care
