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NUR 326 (Patho 1) > HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

HIV/AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A retrovirus that destroys CDS4+ T cells

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2
Q

Types of HIV and which one is most prevalent in the united states

A

-HIV-1 discovered first and most prevalent

-HIV-2 less pathogenic and confined to West Africa

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3
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Caused by the HIV

-Typical untreated HIV infection that turns to aids

-Severe immune system dysfunction present when aids occurs

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4
Q

76% of adults and adolescents with HIV are

A

Men and black men have highest rate of new HIV infections

Men who have sex with men account for most new and existing HIV infections

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5
Q

New cases of HIV among women are increasing

A

Do not discount certain groups of people just because they arent highest risk

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6
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

HIV

A type of virus that uses an enzyme reverse transcriptase, to translate its genetic information inot DNA

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7
Q

Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS

A
  1. Retro virus that cannot replicate outside of living host cells
  2. Contains only RNA; no DNA
  3. Destroys the body’s ability to fight infections
  4. Infects CD$ cells - The primary target of HIV infection
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8
Q

Pathogenesis of HIV (main)

A
  • Virus binds to the cell, the virus fuses with the cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter the cell
  • Once inside, the virus uses** Reverse transcriptase** to make a DNA copy of its own RNA genetic material
  • The viral DNA copy is then inserted into the genetic material of the infected cell, assisted by a viral enzyme call HIV integrase
  • HIV inserts all the viral genes to direct the synthesis and assemble more virus
  • The final stages of virus production requires a viral enzyme called HIV protease which is responsible for the virus particles that are released to attack, replicate and release more virus

-Helper T lymphocytes are their primary targets

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9
Q

Event: 1. HIV invades CD4+ cells and becomes part of cell DNA

A

Significance: 1. Individual is infected for life

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10
Q

Event 2: Virus proliferates in infected cells and shed virus particles

A

Significance 2: Virus present in blood and body fluids (also how they are spread)

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11
Q

Event 3: Body forms anti-HIV antibodies

A

Significance 3: Antibodies are marker of infection but are not protective like other antibodies

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12
Q

Event 4: Progressive destruction of HELPER T Cells

A

Significance 4: Compromised cell-mediated immunity

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13
Q

Event 5: Immune system collapse

A

Significance 5: Opportunistic infection, neoplasms

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14
Q

Why is HIV such a problem?

Decreases the number of CD4+ helper cells

A

-These CD4+ and T helper cells are necessary for immune function

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15
Q

Why is HIV such a problem?

HIV replicates prolifically

A

10 billion HIV particles are produced each day

Overwhelms the bodies defenses

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16
Q

Clinical Course: Stage 1 HIV

A

Early infection

-Rapid replications

-Not detectable by traditional lab tests

-No symptoms (non specific)

-Immediately infectious (spread disease before any symptoms)

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17
Q

Clinical course: Seroconversion

A

-Antibodies are detectable (We can detect the virus)

-Flu-like symptoms for several weeks

-HIGHLY INFECTIOUS

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18
Q

Clinical Course: Stage 2 HIV (latency)

A

Latency Stage

-Virus levels have stabilized (body is fighting infection)

-Last 3-12 years without tx (Can last decades with tx)

-Asymptomatic or mild symptoms

19
Q

Clinical Course: Stage 2 (latency) (Rapid virus production)

A

-Persistent drop in CD4 T cell count

-Antiviral fight becomes less effective

-Viral load increases

20
Q

Clinical Course: Stage 3 Symptomatic HIV infection

A

Eventually lead to AIDS

21
Q

Symptoms of HIV

A

Symptoms usually 2-4 weeks post infection

-Sore throat
-Fever
-Night sweats
-Fatigue
-Chills
-Swollen lymph nodes
-Rash
-Muscle aches

22
Q

Diagnosis of AIDS

1 and 2

A

Must have an AIDS defining conditions

and or

CD4 count less than 200 cell/mm3 regardless if an AIDS - defining condition is present

23
Q

AIDS Defining Conditions (8)

A
  1. Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia
  2. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
  3. Invasive Cervical Cancer
  4. HIV related encephalopathy
  5. Kaposi’s sarcome
  6. Pervasive candidiasis
  7. Aids defening Dementia
  8. Waisting syndrome

Wild, Alien, Pengiuns, Keep, Hiding, Inside, My, Pantry

24
Q

Oral Manifestations HIV

A

-Very common and seen with CD4 counts drop

-Higher risk of progression to AIDS

-Teach patients about proper oral care

25
Q

Oral Manifestations

A

-Oral hairy leukoplakia

-Periodontal disease

26
Q

HIV associated Dementia

A

Aids dementia complex

Can cause cognitive problems because HIV cross BBB

Not as common now

27
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Transmitted through blood and body fluids

Anal and Vaginal Sex (not oral)

Perinatal transmission (mother to baby)

Sharing infected equipment

Contaminated blood transfusions or organ transplants

28
Q

What can’t you get HIV from

A

Kissing

Hugging

Sharing food

Insect bites

Toilet seats

Bathing

Sneeze and Coughing

Sweat

29
Q

Risk Behaviors HIV and AIDS

A

-Men having sex with men (black more)

-Injection drug use

-Male to male sexual contact + IDU

-Heterosexual contact

-Mother to child perinatal transmission

-Blood transfusion and blood exposure

30
Q

Parenteral transmission of HIV

A

Needle/syringe sharing between IDU’s

Blood and blood products

Health care exposure to blood, body fluids, or needles/sharp instruments

31
Q

What is the risk of HIV infections for HCW’s

A

Risk is little to none even in fluids have blood in them

Less than 1% even with needle stick injury

32
Q

Pharmacology for HIV

A

-Antiretroviral therapy (ART) treats individuals with HIV

-6 major classes

33
Q

Most common ART

A

2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and third agent from other class

34
Q

Types of Agents: Entry Blockers

A

-Fusion inhibitors

-CCR5 Antagonists

35
Q

Types of Agents: Enzyme Inhibitors

A

-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI’s)

-Protease Inhibitors

-Integrase inhibitors

36
Q

ALL HIV MEDS

A

-Prevent HIV from multiplication = lowering viral load = immune system chance to recover and produce more CD4 cells

-Does not cure

37
Q

NRTI’s: MOA

A

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

MOA: Inhibit reverse transcriptase –> thus blocking HIV retrovirus ability to incorporate its RNA into the host cell’s DNA

38
Q

NRTI’s: Adverse Effects

A

-peripheral neuropathy

-pancreatitis

-hepatic steatosis

39
Q

NRTI’S: BBW

A

Lactic Acidosis Syndrome

Rise in lactate

40
Q

ART Principles

A

-Start ASAP after diagnosis

-GOAL: Decrease Viral Load to undetectable level

-Treatment guided by CD4 count, viral load, and patient preferences

40
Q

When CD4 count is typically low, the ________ is usually ______

A

viral load - high

41
Q

PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis)

A

-Use of antiretroviral medications usally one

-Detailed sexual and drug use history to determine risk (wont give to anyone because do not want to make it drug resistant)

-Condom use

-Can reduce risk of HIV transmission by great than 90%

42
Q

PEP (post-exposrue prophylaxis)

A

-Recommendations based on exposure and barriers (treatment for non-occupational and healthcare professionals)

-Treatments include ART for 28 days check 6 week and 12 week

43
Q

HIV targets CD4 receptors on

A

-CD4 (protein) on T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages

-T Lymphocytes (long term memory immune cells) (Main)

NUR 326 (Patho 1) (27 decks)

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