URI (Exam 1b.) Flashcards
Sputum
Normal Mucus secreted by respiratory tract
Traps particles that enter the bronchioles
Cilia
Helps move mucus and captured particles out
Two Major Types of Bronchitis
Simple (acute) bronchitis
Chronis Bronchitis
Simple (acute) bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles
Bacterial or Viral(80%)
NO airflow obstruction
Usually mild and self limited requires only supportive care
Prognosis 3-4 weeks
Chronic Bronchitis
Bronchitis for 3 months out of the year for at least 2 years
Ciagerttes
Airflow obstruction = form of COPD
Acute Bronchitis: Clinical Symptoms
-Begins common cold
-Sore throat (pharyngeal erythema)
Nasal discharge (rhinorrhea)
Muscle aches
PERSISTENT COUGH (up to 3 weeks)
Wheezing
Enlarged lymph nose
Acute Bronchitis: Diagnosis
Based mostly on symptoms and phsycial assessment
CBC to distinguish bacterial from viral infection
Acute Bronchitis: Treatment
Broad spectrum antibiotics for bacterial infection
Expectorants
Cough Suppressants
Influenza
Viral (Typs A-B-C)
Can mutate
Vaccine (does not prevent infection risk) (prevents severe infections)
Influenza: Problem
rapid onset
feel like crap
SECONDARY PNEUMONIA CAN BE DEADLY (concern with elderly)
Histamines
Stored in mast cells (skin and soft tissue)
Stores in basophiles (Blood)
When histamines are activated they can cause:
Hives and itching - skin
Dilation of blood vessels resulting in erythema and hypotension
Bronchoconstriction SOA
Affect sleep/ wake cycles
Increase the secretion of acid in the stomach
Histamine are associated with
Majority of allergic reactions
Histamines: Allergic Rhinitis
Inflammation and swelling of mucous membrane of nose
Sneezing-Rhinorrhea-Pruritis-Nasal congestion-itchey eyes
Allergic Rhinitis Triggered by
allergens- bind to IgE antibodies on mast cells - release inflammatory mediators
Environmental triggers of Allergic Rhinitis
Dust mites
Mold
etc
Avoid contact as part of treatment
Acute Sinusitis: Patho
An infection of facial sinuses and membranes of the nose
Inflammation causes the sinus cavity to become obstructed by fluid accumulation and edema allowing for bacterial growth and infection
Acute Sinusitis: Etiology
May accompany an URI, nasal polyps, deviated septum or allergic reaction (rhinitis)
5-7 days Virus
Bacterial sinusitis - Up to 4 weeks
Acute Sinusitis: Sx
H/A
Facial Pain
Pressure over sinus area
Nasal obstruction
Fatigue
Purulent nasal discharge
Ear pain
Dental pain
Cough
Sore throat
Acute Sinusitis: Tx
Antibiotics (longer than week)
Decongestants
Antihistamines
Decrease mucous in areas
Sinusitis: Problems
Difficult treat with antibiotics (hard to get into sinus) (7 or more day treatment)
Decongestants
Sinusitis: More concerning
Because sinuses is close to the face
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of Palate - Tonsils - Uvula
pharyngitis = back of throat
Pharyngitis: Test
Cultures and rapid strep test
Pharyngitis and Tonsilitis
Bacterial Pharyngitis (typically has white spots on back of throat and tonsils)
Tonsillitis (swollen tonsils almost touching each other) (can have white spots)
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the vocal cord
Croup
Laryngotracheobronchitis
Barking Coughing
More common in peds
Epiglottis
Only URI that is immediately going to be concerning
More common children (Fever pain and hard to swallow) (This is rapid)
Epiglottitis: Clinical Diagnosis
Inspiratory stridor and retractions
rapid onset of fever and pain
difficulting swallowing
DROOLING (absence of barking cough differentiates from croup)
Why is Epiglottis so concerning
Swelling can block windpipe and become fatal
Epiglottis Vs Croup
Bothing have drooling and difficulty managing saliva and the mouth. Epiglottis does not have the barking cough
Bronchospasm
Associated with sudden constrict of broncho muscle causing it difficult to breath
Not common
SOB and wheezing (suddenly)
Trigger by family history of asthma and URI
Anesthesia + URI =
High risk for bronchospasm
Epiglottis: Symptoms
-Severe sore throat that comes on suddenly
-Fever
-Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
-Drooling and difficulty managing saliva in the mouth
