Oncology Pt. 1 (Exam 4) Flashcards
Cell Cycle
A sequence of growth stages that a cell moves through for mitosis and regeneration. In order for cells to undergo mitosis, the cell must go through stages
Stages of the cell cycle
GO = Rest
G1 = Prepare for DNA replication
S = Synthesis of structure and movement to poles
G2 = Cell prepare to divide
M = Splitting is completed = two daughter cells
Normal Cell Cycles
G0 Resting phase and when the body needs cell replacement it can hop into cell cycle and start the phases
Checkpoints are in place to help prevent ineffective creations
Cell Cycle Cancer Cell
The cancer cell does not have a rest phase. Rapidly reproducing and uncontrolled.
Cancer Cells Disregard the Normal Cell Cycle Rules
Cancer cells are constantly moving through the cell cycle stages. There are no checkpoints for cancer cells. Cancer cells disregard the growth inhibitors released by neighboring cell
Cancer cells proliferate and take over boundaries. The break free and travel to other parts of the body
Immune Surveillance
Our immune system constantly surveys the body for foreign substances or “non-self” antigens
When a non self antigen is discovered the immune system initiates an attack to destroy the invading substance
With age our __________ diminishes and tumor development becomes ___________
Immune Surveillance (System)
Easier
Differentiation
The extent to neoplastic (cancer) cells resemble normal cells both structurally and functionally
Follow same cell cycle
Well Differenitated
Cancer cells closely functions and resembles that of an normal cell
Lack of differentiation is called
anaplasia
Anaplasia
A term that indicates total cellular disorganization abnormal cell appearance and cell dysfunction
Benign Tumors
Tend to be more well differentiated. They do not invade other tissue, spread, and breakaway
Malignant Tumors
Are more anaplastic and undifferentiated. They grow and spread everywhere
Normal Cell vs Cancer Cell: Contact inhibition
Normal: Respect space and wont overgrow
Cancer: Do not respect other cell space and do not stop
Normal Cell vs Cancer Cell: Cohesiveness
Normal Cells: Stick together and stay home
Cancer cells: go systemic. Jump into any system
Normal vs Cancer Cells: Communication
Normal: Cells communicate and tell each other what to do
Cancer: Little to none. Do what they want
Normal vs Cancer Cell: Proliferation Rate
Normal: Predictiable
Cancer: Unpredictable (depends of differentiation). More anaplastic = faster they spread
Normal Cell vs Cancer Cell: “Self” HLA antigens
Normal: Has HLA antiens
Cancer: Nonself markers (Immune system will attack)
Normal Cell Vs Cancer Cell: Proliferation Control
Normal cell: goal is zero population growth so they have apoptosis (normal death)
Cancer cell: Sometimes immortal or die unpredictably. No apoptosis
Benign vs Malignant Tumors: Differentiation
Benign: Well differentiated
Malignant: Poorly differentiated or anaplastic
Benign vs Malignant Tumors: Rate of Growth
Benign: Progressive / Slow
Malignant: Erratic / Slow to rapid
Benign vs Malignant Tumors: Local Invasion
Benign: Cohesive cell that are encapsulated make it moveable
Malignant: Invasive and infiltration, surrounding normal tissues
Benign vs Malignant Tumor: Metastasis (break free and travel)
Bengin: None
Malignant: Frequent
Benign vs Malignant Tumor: Core
Benign: No Necrosis
Malignant: Can have necrotic core (Hard to treat because we can not get inside)
Tumor Markers
Biologic substances that shed off of tumor.
Tumor markers can be
Hormones
Enzymes
Antigens
Genes
Tumor markers can be found
blood urine
CSF
tumor membrane
Tumor markers are used for
Screening and diagnostic processes
As we treat they should decline
Are tumor markers always cancerous?
No ex. PSA/BRICA
Grade System: Malignant Tumors
Graded I through III
Grade I: Cells are well differentiated
Grade 2: Cells are moderately differentiated
Grade 3: Cells are poorly differentiated or anaplastic
TNM Staging System
Staging classifies the tumor according to size, invasiveness, and spread
T = Tumor size, location and involvement
N = Lymph node involvement
M =Metastasis to distant organ
T in classification system
T0 = No evidence of primary tumor
TIS = (Tumor is situ) (Cancer only in first layer)
T1-T4 = Increase in tumor size indicated by cm
N in classification system
N0 = No spread to regional lymph nodes
N1 = Spread to closet or small number or regional lymph nodes
N2 = Spread to most distant or numerous regional lymph nodes
M is Classification System
M0 = None
M1 = Yes
Four Stage Classification System
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 1
Tumor is small and confined to organ of origin
Stage 2
Tumor is greater than 3 cm and locally invasive
Stage 3
Tumor has spread to nearby structures or organs.
Stage 4
Cancer has spread to distant sites
