Valve Disease Flashcards
Stenosis
a narrowed opening in a stenotic valve
What does a stenotic valve create
a partial obstruction to blood flow –> increasing pressure behind the valve –> decreasing forward blood flow
Mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve, obstructing flow from the L atrium to the L ventricle
What is mitral valve stenosis caused by
rheumatic fever from untreated strep throat or scarlet fever
What causes decreased cardiac output in mitral valve stenosis
the flow from LA to LV decreases
What causes hypertrophy in mitral valve stenosis
prolonged high pressure in LV
What causes pulmonary congestion in mitral valve stenosis
prolonged high pressure in LA
What needs urgent action in cases of mitral valve stenosis
sudden increase in HR (diastolic filling time is decreased –> large decrease in CO)
Aortic valve stenosis
aortic valve is narrowed obstructing flow from LV into the aorta
What is the aortic valve important
it supplies blood to all tissues
What causes decreased cardiac output in aortic valve stenosis
increased pressure creating obstructed blood flow, increased pressures between LV and aorta
What will happen when aortic valve stenosis continues
there will be an increase in myocardial oxygen demand but CO and perfusion are still decreased
s/s of aortic valve stenosis
lightheaded, syncope, angina, dyspnea, orthopnea
Regurgitant valve
insufficient/incompetent valves that do not close completely, allowing blood flow back into the chamber it just left
Mitral valve regurgitation
blood regurgitated back into the atrium decreasing forward cardiac output
What will occur with mitral valve regurgitation
volume overload and LVH
Aortic valve regurgitation
blood flow back into the LV from the aorta, diminishing CO
What will occur with aortic valve regurgitation
LVH
Valvular prolapse
a valve collapses by pushing in on itself
Infective endocarditis
infection risk increased with structural valve abnormalities
What is infective endocarditis caused by
microbial infection that settles on the thrombi of heart valve, leading to damage and valve dysfunction with growth
Treatment of infective endocarditis
6 week antibiotic treatment, valve replacement, antibiotic prophylaxis
Medications to manage valve disorders
calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors to decrease afterload
What surgery is done to manage valve disorders
valve replacement/reconstruction
Difference between replacement valves
mechanical valves last longer than prosthetic but require anticoagulant drugs
Valvular disorder management without meds/surgery
sodium restriction, lifestyle changes
