URR 27 Flashcards
1
Q
The pancreas is located at the level of ____ vertebrae in the _____ of the retroperitoneum
A
L1-2
anterior pararenal space
2
Q
The pancreas is ____peritoneal
A
retro
3
Q
Average length of pancreas
A
12-18 cm
4
Q
Average width of pancreas
A
1-1.5 cm
5
Q
Average AP of pancreas
A
2.5cm
6
Q
The pancreas is considered abnormal thickened when the AP dimension measures more than:
A
3cm
7
Q
The pancreas is oriented ____ with head slightly ____ to the tail
A
horizontal
caudal
8
Q
The pancreas shifts __-__ cm with respiration
A
2-8
9
Q
Segments of the pancreas
A
head
neck
body
tail
uncinate process
10
Q
A hook like extension from the head of the pancreas
A
uncinate process
11
Q
The uncinate process is anterior to the ___
A
IVC
12
Q
The uncinate process is posterior to the ____
A
SMV
13
Q
The uncinate process is right lateral to the ___
A
SMA
14
Q
The pancreatic head is anterior to the ___
A
IVC
15
Q
The pancreatic head is medial to the _____ and ___
A
2nd portion of the duodenum
CBD
16
Q
The CBD courses ____ to the pancreatic head
A
posterior
17
Q
The GDA courses ____ to the pancreatic head
A
anterior
18
Q
First part of the body of the pancreas
A
pancreatic neck
19
Q
The pancreatic neck is anterior to the ____ and ____
A
SMV
uncinate process
20
Q
The pancreatic neck is posterior to the ____
A
liver
21
Q
The pancreatic body is anterior to the ___, ___, ____, ____, and ___
A
splenic vein
splenic artery
SMA
left renal vein
aorta
22
Q
The pancreatic body is posterior to the ____
A
stomach
23
Q
The pancreatic body is left lateral to the ___
A
SMV
24
Q
The pancreatic tail is anterior to the ____, ____, and ___
A
splenic vein
left adrenal gland
left kidney
25
In some patients, the distal segment of the splenic artery can course ____ to the tail before entering the splenic hilum
anterior
26
The pancreatic tail is inferior to the ____
left lateral lobe of the liver
27
The pancreatic tail is anterior and medial to the ____
splenic hilum
28
extends through the entire pancreas deep within the tissue
main pancreatic duct
29
the main pancreatic duct is also known as:
duct of Wirsung
30
The main pancreatic duct joins the CBD where it exits the pancreatic head to form the:
Ampulla of Vater
31
The duct of Wirsung enters the ____ at the Ampulla of Vater
second portion of duodenum
32
controls flow of pancreatic enzymes into duodenum through the Ampulla of Vater
Sphincter of Oddi
33
<___mm diameter of duct of Wirsung is normal in the body of the pancreas
2
34
most common cause of ductal dilatation
stone formation in main pancreatic duct or at the Ampulla of Vater
35
The accessory pancreatic duct is also known as the:
Duct or Santorini
36
accessory duct of the pancreas
Duct of Santorini
37
The accessory pancreatic duct drains the ____
head of the pancreas
38
The Duct of Santorini enters the duodenum ___cm proximal to the Duct of Wirsung
2
39
The celiac artery originates from the aorta superior to the ____
body of the pancreas
40
3 branches of the celiac artery
left gastric artery
splenic artery
common hepatic artery
41
The common hepatic artery splits into the ____ and the ____
proper hepatic artery
gastroduodenal artery
42
The GDA courses posterior to the ____ and anterior to the ____
first segment of the duodenum
pancreatic head
43
feeds pancreatic head; branch of the gastroduodenal artery
superior pancreatoduodenal artery
44
The splenic artery courses superior and posterior to the ___ and ___ of the pancreas
body
tail
45
Splenic artery branches
dorsal pancreatic artery
pancreatic magnum artery
caudal pancreatic artery
46
The splenic artery branches supply the ___
pancreas body and tail
47
The distal segment of the splenic artery can course anterior to the _____ before entering the splenic hilum
pancreatic tail
48
Originates from the aorta just below the level of the pancreas
Superior Mesenteric Artery
49
The SMA is posterior to the ____ at a level that is anterior to the _____
pancreatic body
uncinate process
50
The SMA is to the left of the ___
SMV
51
feeds the head of the pancreas, branch of the superior mesenteric artery
inferior pancreatoduodenal artery
52
The SMV is posterior to the ____ at a level that is anterior to the ____
neck of the pancreas
uncinate process
53
The SMV courses ____ in the abdomen anterior to the ___ and to the right of the ___
vertically
IVC
SMA
54
The splenic vein courses ____ posterior and inferior to the _____
horizontally
body and tail of the pancreas
55
The ____ and ____ merge posterior to the neck of the pancreas to form the main portal vein; both vessels drain the pancreatic blood
superior mesenteric vein
splenic vein
56
If blood sugar goes up, insulin is released by the _____ to lower it
Islets of Langerhans
57
Ingestion of food =
glucose absorbed
58
glucose absorbed=
blood sugar level rises
59
blood sugar level rises =
beta cells release insulin
60
blood sugar drops=
insulin levels decrease
61
insulin levels decrease=
alpha cells release glucagon
62
alpha cells release glucagon=
liver releases glycogen
63
liver releases glycogen=
blood sugar rises
64
formation of glycogen from glucose
glycogenesis
65
Glycogenesis is controlled by:
insulin
66
conversion of glycogen back into glucose
glycogenolysis
67
Glycogenolysis is controlled by:
glucagon
68
formation of glucose and glycogen from sources other than carbohydrates
gluconeogenesis
69
Blood sugar levels should not exceed:
100mg/100dL
70
Normal blood sugar level
80-90 mg/100dL
71
Blood sugar level with symptoms of nervousness, sweaty
50-70 mg/dL
72
Blood sugar levels associated with loss of consciousness
20-50 mg/dL
73
Blood sugar levels associated with coma
<20 mg/dL
74
produces substances that are used in a nearby organ and delivered by a DUCT
exocrine gland
75
____ glands secrete pancreatic juice that contains trypsin, amylase, and lipase
Acini
76
digests carbohydrates
amylase
77
____ produce and excrete amylase and ____ also excrete amylase through the blood filtration process
salivary glands
kidneys
78
digests fat so it can be absorbed in the intestines
lipase
79
breaks down protein into amino acids
trypsin
80
Pancreatic juices contain:
water
enzymes
sodium
potassium
chloride
bicarbonate
81
neutralizes gastric acid
sodium bicarbonate
82
Secretion of pancreatic juices is controlled by:
GI tract hormones
83
stimulates pancreatic juice production
cholecystokinin
84
____ administration causes increased enzyme production and can cause an increase in duct size
Secretin
85
The ____ can mildly dilate with digestion
main pancreatic duct
86
Pancreas endocrine or exocrine?
both
87
produces substances that are used in a nearby organ and delivered through blood vessels
endocrine gland
88
The endocrine system includes:
pancreas
pituitary gland
hypothalamus gland
pineal gland
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal glands
ovaries
testes
89
Islets of Langerhands produce ____ and ____
insulin
glucagon
90
cells that make up the Islets of Langerhans
alpha
beta
delta
epsilon
gamma
91
produce glucagon
alpha cells
92
produce insulin
beta cells
93
produce somatostatin
delta cells
94
Symptoms and indications to scan the pancreas
epigastric pain
nausea/vomiting
history of alcoholism
hypoglycemia
hyperinsulinism
hyperglycemia
95
decreased blood sugar
hypoglycemia
96
increased insulin production
hyperinsulinism
97
Hyperinsulinism is caused by:
insulinoma
98
Hyperinsulinism causes:
insulin shock
99
Permanent damage from hyperinsulinism may occur unless a large quantity of ____ is administered
glucose
100
increased blood suger
hyperglycemia
