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URR 7 Flashcards

1
Q

tightening of vessel walls due to stimuli, cold, anxiety, smoking

A

vasoconstriction

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2
Q

expansion of vessel walls due to stimuli, heat HTN medications

A

Vasodilation

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3
Q

characteristics of a high resistance waveform

A

steep slope
sharp systolic peak
minimal flow in diastole

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4
Q

Characteristics of low resistance waveform

A

slower acceleration and deceleration in systole, rounded systolic peak, and significant diastolic flow

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5
Q

Arterial waveform characteristics are determined by:

A

where the artery arises
what structure artery is feeding

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6
Q

cardiac contraction pushes blood forward through the arterial system

A

systole

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7
Q

heart relaxes and refills with blood from lungs, forward flow continues only in low resistance arteries

A

diastole

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8
Q

continuous throbbing or beating

A

pulsatility

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9
Q

Flow in the arteries pulsates due to:

A

continuous cardiac contractions

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10
Q

Most ____ flow is not pulsatile because it is not moved by cardiac contraction

A

venous

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11
Q

related to the number of changes in flow direction during one cardiac cycle; determined by part it is supplying

A

arterial pulsatility

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12
Q

all flow is antegrade during entire cardiac cycle

A

monophasic flow

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13
Q

_____ flow is normal in vessels that feed low resistance vascular beds (organs)

A

monophasic

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14
Q

flow during systole is antegrade and some flow is moving in a retrograde fashion during diastole

A

biphasic

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15
Q

_____ flow is normal in vessels feeding medium to high resistance vascular beds (extremities)

A

biphasic

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16
Q

flow during systole is antegrade and during diastole initially some flow moves in a retrograde direction followed by a small amount of forward flow in end diastole

A

triphasic flow

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17
Q

____ flow is normal in vessels feeding high resistance vascular beds (extremities)

A

triphasic

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18
Q

When the pulsatility of the flow within a vessel changes, it is a sign of a change in:

A

distal resistance

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19
Q

An abnormal change in resistance is either due to:

A

changes in the resistance of the distal tissues

stenosis

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20
Q

moving forward in the normal direction of blood flow

A

antegrade

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21
Q

back flow or filling, or against the normal direction

A

retrograde

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22
Q

disrupted flow caused by a stenosis, tortuousity or bifurcation; appears the exit point of a stenosis

A

turbulence

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23
Q

abnormal blood flow sound in the heart, usually valvular regurgitation or stenosis

A

murmur

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23
Q

abnormal blood flow sound in a blood vessel, can be due to stensosis; also heard with vessel branching or tortuosity

A

bruit

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24
abnormal flow sensation in a blood vessel (vibration), can be due to stenosis; also seen with pseudoaneurysm and normal or stenotic hemodialysis grafts
thrill
24
narrowing of a vessel lumen
arterial stenosis
25
Arterial stenosis leads to increased resistance ____ to the stenosis
proximal
25
Arterial stenosis leads to increased ___ and ___ at the site due to the body trying to maintain blood flow volume traveling distally
PSV EDV
25
Arterial stenosis leads to a drop in pressure- the greater pressure gradient, the ____ the velocity at the stenosis
greater
26
Arterial stenosis leads to post stenotic turbulence (_____)
eddy currents
26
Arterial stenosis leads to distal to the stenosis pressure ____ and the velocity ____
increases decreases
26
Distal to the stenosis ____ resistance flow with an ____ in diastolic flow will occur as the vascular beds try to "encourage" more flow distally
low increase
26
Arterial stenosis leads to changes in the ____ and ____ of the flow
pulsatility phasicity
26
Arteries carrying blood to organs normal exhibit ____ resistance waveforms with ____ flow throughout the cardiac cycle.
low antegrade
27
Arteries carrying blood to extremities/muscles normally exhibit ___ resistance waveforms with ____ flow during diastole
high retrograde
28
Anytime a monophasic waveform is seen in an extremity artery
abnormal
29
Anytime a biphasic/triphasic waveform is seen in an artery supply an orgran =
abnormal
30
used to express color Doppler turbulence
Reynold's numner
31
When turbulence occurs, increased pressure only causes increased _____, not increased flow
turbulence
32
A Reynold's normal >2000 =
abnormal
33
caused by red blood cells moving at many different velocities
spectral broadening
34
_____ flow has very little spectral broadening and a large spectral window because most of the red blood cells are moving at the same speed
laminar
35
Widening of the spectral waveform with filling in of the spectral window
spectral broadening
36
Spectral broadening is related to:
stenosis tortuousity bifurcations
37
flow spreads out into the larger vessel area distal to stenotic area
post stenotic turbulence
38
Wide range of flow velocities =
spectral broadening
39
An increase in RI suggests _____ resistance in vascular bed
increased
40
% reduction of the end-diastolic flow as compared with systolic flow
resistive index
41
If there is no antegrade diastolic flow, the RI =
0
42
An increase in PI suggests ____ vascular resistance
increase
43
Describes increased variation in velocity of flow throughout cardiac cycle
pulsatility index
44
Extremities should have a PI over:
4.0
44
Monophasic waveforms usually demonstrate PI values:
3.0
45
Vessels supplying organs such as the kidneys should have a PI:
<0.75
46
time from onset of systole to point of maximum true systolic peak
acceleration time
47
The lower the resistance, the ____ the acceleration time
longer
48
PSV-EDV/PSV
resistive index
49
RI values are between __ and __
0 1
50
Lower RI values = ____ resistance
lower
51
PSV-EDV / PSV average
pulsatility index
52
PI values are greater than
0
53
Lower PI values = ____ resistance
lower
54
veins act as:
blood reservoirs
55
___ hold the majority of blood in the body
veins
56
Blood moves with ____ and _____ in the legs
respiration calf muscle pumps
57
weight of the column of blood inside the vessels
hydrostatic pressure
58
Hydrostatic pressure is equal to ___ at level of the heart
0
59
Supine hydrostatic pressure =
0 mmHg
60
Standing hydropressure at level of ankle:
100 mmHg
61
Standing hydrostatic pressure above heart
-30 mmHg
62
pressure within the veins pushing outward
transmural pressure
63
Transmural pressure is normally ___
low
64
Transmural pressure increases with:
venous volume
65
____ flow is described as flow present when doppler is applied, no augmentation needed to document the presence of flow
spontaneous
66
___ flow varies with respiration and is NOT continuous
phasic
67
Inspiration causes ____ intrathoracic pressure
increased
68
Inspiration causes ___ flow in upper extremities toward heart
increased
69
Inspiration causes ____ flow in lower extremities and abdomen toward heart
decreased
70
Expiration causes ____ intrathoracic pressure
increase
71
Expiration causes ____ flow in upper extremities toward heart
decreased
72
Expiration causes ____ flow in lower extremities and abdomen toward heart
increased
73
biphasic or triphasic variation in venous flow caused by the ripple effect from cardiac motion
cardiac pulsatility
74
___ and ____ normally demonstrate cardiac pulsatility due to their proximity to the heart
IVC hepatic veins
75
It is abnormal to see pulsatility in portal veins, lower abdominal/pelvic veins and lower extremity veins. It is caused by increased volume in venous with ____
congestive heart failure
76
Increase intra-abdominal pressure by stimulating stressing during bowel movement
valsalva maneuver
77
Normally when the strain portion of valsalva maneuver is performed, flow toward the heart from the abdomen should ____ with no flow reversal and the IVC will ____
stop dilate
78
What is the primary factor that determines the pulsatility of an arterial waveform? a. the part it is supplying b. cardiac output c. vessel compliance d. systemic blood pressure
a
79
Which of the following has two components of antegrade flow? a. monophasic b. biphasic c. triphasic d. continuous
c
80
When the pulsatility of the flow within a vessel changes it indicates a. distal stenosis b. distal obstruction c. diseased distal vascular bed d. all the above
d
81
A bruit is an abnormal ____ and a thrill is an abnormal ____ a. sound in a blood vessel, sensation over a blood vessel b. sound in the heart, sound in a blood vessel c. sensation in a blood vessel, sensation in the heart d. sensation in a blood vessel, sound in a blood vessel
a
82
Spectral broadening: a. is always a sign of a diseased artery b. is associated with turbulent flow c. is most prevalent with laminar flow d. prevents the accurate measurement of velocity
b
83
a large spectral window is seen with Doppler evaluation of: a. stenosis b. occlusion c. thrombosis d. laminar flow
d
84
The resistive index is used to assess: a. parenchymal resistance in an organ b. the diameter stenosis of an artery c. the area stenosis of an artery d. differences in blood pressures in the arms
a
85
What is hydrostatic pressure? a. pressure inside veins from limitation of the surrounding tissues b. pressure applied by a blood pressure cuff c. pressure inside the vessels caused by an AV fistula d. Pressure inside the vessels due to weight of column of blood inside
d
86
What two factors control venous flow through the body? a. respiration and muscle contraction b. cardiac contraction and pressure c. resistance in the arteries and movement d. body position and structure
a
87
Cardiac pulsatility is normal in which vessel? a. portal vein b. renal vein c. iliac vein d. hepatic vein
d
88
The Valsalva maneuver is used in abdominal sonography to evaluate: a. renal artery peak velocities b. possible scrotal varicocele c. portal vein flow d. possible gallstone
b
89
3 layers of blood vessel
tunica intima tunica media tunica adventitia/externa
90
inner layer endothelial cells, basement membrane is the innermost layer of intimal cells
tunica intima
91
The _____ is the innermost layer of intimal cells
basement membrane

ARDMS (55 decks)

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