ARRT abdomen 12 Flashcards
Clinical symptoms of Graves disease
bulging eyes
weight loss
nervousness
intolerant to heat
Sonographic appearance of Graves disease
thyroid enlargement
heterogeneous
thyroid inferno
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is also known as:
autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis
most common cause of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
initially thyroid becomes inflamed due to autoimmune response, over time thyroid becomes damaged and hormone levels will drop
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Sonographic appearance of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
varies with stage of disease
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis will show ___ T3 and T4 hormones but ___ TSH.
low
high
Clinical symptoms of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
weight gain
cold intolerant
puffy face
Sonographic appearance Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
initially enlarged
chronic heterogeneous
hypoechoic with fibrous bands
subacute transient inflammation
De Quervians thyroiditis
De Quervain’s thyroiditis is most often caused by:
viral infection
clinical symptoms of De Quervain’s thyroiditis
pain and swelling, phases of hyperfunction then hypofunction then back to normal
Sonographic appearance of De Quervain’s thyroiditis
ill-defined areas of decreased echogenicity and decreased vascularity
Most common cause of nodules
nodular hyperplasia
Nodular hyperplasia is also known as:
adenamatous nodules
Nodular hyperplasia is also known as:
multinodular goiter
cyst with hyperechoic foci in center located in thyroid
colloid cyst
solitary, encapsulated thyroid nodule
follicular adenoma
most common thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
A nodule is considered suspicious if:
solitary, hypoechoic with microcalcifications
A benign nodule is known as a _____ in nuclear medicine
hot nodule
A malignant nodule is known as a _____ in nuclear medicine
cold nodule
radioactive iodine uptake measures thyroid function
Nuclear medicine scan
Hyperfunction nuclear medicine
Graves or hot nodule
Hypofunction nuclear medicine
Thyroiditis or cold nodule
There are __ parathyroid glands
4
Parathyroid glands are ____ glands
endocrine
Parathyroid glands are located ____ to each lobe of the thyroid
posterior
Parathyroid glands normally measure only:
5mm
Parathyroid glands are called:
calcium regulators
Parathyroid glands release
parathyroid hormone
The parathyroid hormone regulates:
calcium
most common cause of enlargement of the parathyroid
parathyroid adenoma
clinical symptoms of parathyroid adenoma
hyperparathyroidism
hypercalcemia
Sonographic appearance of parathyroid adenoma
hypoechoic mass posterior to MP thyroid
increased calcium in blood
hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia can cause:
nephrocalcinosis
Abnormal lymph nodes
> 1cm
round
loss of normal echogenic hilum becoming more solid and hypoechoic
hyperemic (increased blood flow)
A ____ lymph node may have normal size and shape, just enlarged.
reactive
A ______ can be found midline superior to thyroid, just under the chin.
thyroglossal duct cyst
Most common neck cyst
thyroglossal duct cyst
_____ are located superior to thyroid but near the mandible
brachial cleft cysts
Sonographic appearance of muscles
hypoechoic with echogenic striations
Sonographic appearance of tendons
fibrous and more echogenic compared to muscles
a tendon rupture is also known as:
tear
Sonographic appearance of a partial tendon ruptur
focal hypoechoic area
most commonly injured ankle tendon
achilles tendon
What kind of test do they perform to rule out a complete tendon tear
Thompson test
What is the procedure for the Thompson test?
calf squeezed while patient is prone, normal result is plantar flexion
When femoral head does not properly sit inside the acetabulum due to socked being shallow
developmental dysplasia of infant hip
clinical symptoms of developmental dysplasia of infant hip
audible click
leg length discrepancy
Positive Barlow or Ortolani Test
There is an increased risk of developmental dysplasia of infant hip with ____ and ___.
breech fetal lie
oligohydramnios
Orotolani
O for “out” = abduction
reduction or relocation of hip
Barlow
Adduction
dislocation of hip
obtained by measuring angles of femoral head coverage in relation to ilium
Graf Technique
Normal alpha angle of Graf Technique
> 55%
Normal beta angle of Graf technique
<50%
Abnormal Graf Technique results
FH rises
Alpha gets smaller
Beta increases
Joint effusion is secondary to:
inflammation
Anechoic or hypoechoic fluid seen between bone and surrounding tissue
joint effusion
Superficial cysts can be ____, ____ or _____ in subcuteaneous layer.
epidermal inclusion
epidermoid
sebaceous
hard cysts found on dorsum of hand or wrist, may be found on dorsum foot
ganglion cyst
cyst located in popliteal fossa, may be anechoic, hypoechoic, complex with posterior enhancement
Baker’s cyst
infection and inflammation of subcutaneous tissue
cellulitis
Cellulitis will have a _____ appearance of fluid infiltrating tissue.
cobblestone
Identification of foreign bodies can be done by looking for ____, ____ or ____ artifacts.
posterior shadowing
comet tail
ring-down
Echogenic layer of breast tissue
mammary glandular layer
_______ will be seen running through the subcuteaneous tissue to the mammary layer
Cooper’s ligaments
Hypoechoic muscle layer of breast
retromammary
use of Power Doppler while patient hums, helps differentiate glandular tissue from isoechoic tumors
Fremitus technique
Benign masses and cancer are most commonly found in the _____ layer of the breast.
mammary
infection of the breast
mastitis
Sonographic appearance of mastitis
diffuse edema
lymphadenopathy
Clinical symptoms of mastitis
swelling
pain
redness
warmth
fever
focal infection of breast
abscess
milk containing cyst due to clogged lactiferous ducts in lactating patients
galactocele
Sonographic appearance of galactocele
focal complex mass, may be echogenic fluid
male breast enlargement due to hormone abnormalities
gynecomastia
Gynecomastia appears ____ behind the nipple
hypoechoic
The scrotum and testicles are _____ glands.
endocrine
exocrine
The endocrine function of the scrotum and testicles is:
testosterone
The exocrine function of the scrotum and testicles is:
sperm production
The scrotum allows for _____ as sperm are temperature sensitive
temperature regulation
The scrotum wall is formed by the:
cremaster muscle
The scrotum extends from the:
spermatic cord
The scrotum is divided into two compartments form by the ____ and ____
median raphe
dartos fascia
The cremaster muscle forms the scrotal wall, then the ______
tunica vaginalis
double layer, parietal outermost along scrotal wall and visceral adhered to testicle
tunica vaginalis
The tunica vaginal creates a cavity or space called:
cavum vaginale
The testes are covered by a denser covering called:
tunica albuginea
Mediastium
hilum of the testicle
What is located in the spermatic cord
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus
deferent duct
nerves
lymphatics
cremaster muscle
Spermatogenesis happens in the:
seminiferous tubules
The straight tubules converge into the _____ at the mediastinum
rete testis
The _____ bring the sperm to the epididymis
efferent ducts
The job of the epididymis:
sperm storage and maturation
carries sperm from epididymis up into body to seminal vesicles
deferent duct or vas deferens
Main blood supply for testicles
testicular/gonadal artery
The testicular/gonadal artery originates at the:
aorta
The cremaster and deferential arteries originate from the:
iliac arteries
