Flashcards Davies Abdomen 7 Flashcards by Billie Harney

Where is the undescended testicle usually found?

80% lie at level of inguinal canal

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what are two complications of cryptorchordism?

infertility
cancer

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What are symptoms of acute appendicitis?

periumbilical pain
leukocytosis
fever
right lower quadrant pain with rebound tenderness

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How does acute appendicitis develop?

from the obstruction of the appendiceal lumen

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Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen

acute appendicitis

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What are the sonographic signs of an inflamed appendix?

appendix greater than 6 mm in diameter or an appendicloth

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What are the symptoms of acutre diverticulitis?

LLQ pain
fever
leukocytosis

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What are the sonographic signs of acute diverticulitis?

thickened bowel, or abscess formation in the LLQ

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What is a target of pseudokidney sign?

describes abnormal bowel wall thickening. Appears as a hypoechoic external rim representing the thickened intestinal wall and an echogenic center relating to the residual gut lumen or mucosal ulceration

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target or pseudokidney sign

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What are the signs of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

characterized by hypertrophy of the circular pyloric muscle, resulting in elongation and constriction of the intestines between the stomach and the first portion of the duodenum. Neonates present with projectile vomiting, and a palpable “olive-like” abdominal mass.

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hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

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A pyloric muscle thickness of > ____ is indicative of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

4 mm

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A pyloric channel length of > ____ is indicative of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

1.2 cm

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A pyloric cross section of > ____ is indicative of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

1.5 cm

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An _____ is the most common cause of obstruction in infants.

intussception

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What are the symptoms of intussception?

crampy, intermittent abdominal pain

vomiting

passage of blood through the rectum

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What is the sonographic appearance of an intussception?

oval, pseudokidney mass, with central echoes on longitudinal imaging, and a sonolucent doughnut or target configuration on cross-sectional imaging

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oval, pseudokidney mass, with central echoes on longitudinal imaging, and a sonolucent doughnut or target configuration on cross-sectional imaging

intussception

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Name the four zones of the prostate

peripheral zone
central zone
transition zone
fibromusclar stroma

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What zone of the prostate is the source of most prostate cancer

peripheral zone (approx 70%)

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What is the classic appearance of prostate cancer on ultrasound?

hypoechoic, peripherally-oriented lesion

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What zone of the prostate is not affected by cancer?

fibromuscular stroma

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non-glandular, anterior portion of the prostate

fibromuscular stroma

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Fibromuscular stroma is not affected by ____, _____, or _____

cancer prostatitis hyperplasia

The ______ zone of the prostate is not affected by cancer, prostatitis, or hyperplasia because it is non-glandular.

fibromuscular stroma

Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

enlargement of the inner gland, which is hypoechoic relative to the peripheral zone.

enlargement of the inner gland, which is hypoechoic relative to the peripheral zone

benign prostatic hyperplasia

benign prostatic hyperplasia is enlargement of the inner gland, which is hypoechoic relative to the _____

peripheral zone

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is enlargement of the inner gland, which is _____ relative to the peripheral zone

hypoechoic

BPH originates exclusively from the _____.

inner gland

____ originates exclusively from the inner gland.

BPH

__% of all BPH arises in the transition zone.

95% of all BPH arises in the ______

transition zone

__% of BPH arises from the periurethral glands or tissue

5% of BPH arises from the ______

periurethral glands or tissue

The ejaculatory ducts pass through the ____ and empties into the urethra.

central zone

The _______ pass through the central zone and empties into the urethra.

ejaculatory ducts

The ejaculatory ducts pass through the central zone and empties into the _____

urethra

______ are two sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate between the urinary bladder and the rectum

seminal vesicles

Seminal vesicles are two sac-like out-pouchings of the _____ situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate between the urinary bladder and the rectum.

vas deferens

Seminal vesicles are two sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the _______ aspect of the prostate between the urinary bladder and the rectum.

superior/posterior

Seminal vesicles are two sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the _____ between the urinary bladder and the rectum.

prostate

Seminal vesicles are two sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate between the _____ and the rectum

urinary bladder

Seminal vesicles are two sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate between the urinary bladder and the ____

rectum

The base of the prostate is the _____ portion of the gland.

superior

The ____ of the prostate is the superior portion of the gland.

base

The apex of the prostate is the _____ portion of the gland.

inferior

The ____ of the prostate is the inferior portion of the gland.

inferior

The demarcation between the inner gland and the outer gland is called the ____

surgical capsule

What is the surgical capsule of the prostate gland

demarcation between the inner gland and the outer gland

The prostate is situated in the ______

retroperitoneum

The prostate is bordered anteriorly by the _____

pubic bone

The prostate is bordered _____ by the pubic bone

anteriorly

The prostate is bordered posteriorly by the _____

rectum

The prostate is bordered _____ by the rectum

posteriorly

The prostate is bordered ______ by the bladder

superiorly

The prostate is bordered superiorly by the _____

bladder

The prostate is bordered _____ by the urogenital diaphragm

inferiorly

The prostate is bordered inferiorly by the ______

urogenital diaphragm

Describe Prostrate Specific antigen (PSA)

produced exclusively by prostatic acinar cells, and rises in relationship to the amount of benign and/or malignant tissue

PSA is produced exclusively by ______

prostatic acinar cells

____ is produced exclusively by prostatic acinar cells

PSA

PSA will rise with _____, _____, ____, and/or _____

patient age prostate volume benign prostatic hyperplasia prostate cancer

______ will elevate the PSA level approximately 10 times that of benign prostatic hyperplasia

prostate cancer

Prostate cancer will elevate the PSA level approximately ___ times that of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostate cancer will elevate the PSA level approximately 10 times that of ______

benign prostatic hyperplasia

What is the name of the anatomical point where the posterior sheath of the rectus muscle ends

arcuate line

Above the ______, hematomas are confined within the anterior and posterior rectus sheath

arcuate line

Above the arcuate line, _____ are confined within the anterior and posterior rectus sheath

hematomas

Above the arcuate line, hematomas are confined within the ____ and _____ _______

anterior and posterior rectus sheath

Below the _____, hematomas protrude posteriorly into the pelvis due to the absence of posterior rectus sheath

arcuate line

Below the arcuate line, _____ protrude posteriorly into the pelvis due tot he absence of the posterior rectus sheath

hematomas

Below the arucate line, hematomas protrude _____ in to the pelvis due to the absence of the posterior rectus sheath

posteriorly

Below the arcuate line, hematomas protrude posteriorly into the ____ due to the absence of the posterior rectus sheath

pelvis

Below the arcuate line, hematomas protrude posteriorly into the pelvis due to the absence of the ______

posterior rectus sheath

What is an abcess?

complex collections contains cystic and solid components.

abscess

In most cases, ____, ____, and ____ are seen within an abscess

debris septations gas

The borders of an abscess are typically _____, and may be quite ____

irregular thick

Depending on their cystic component, abscesses typically demonstrate ______

posterior enhancement

Clinically, patients with abscesses should present with ____ and _____

fever leukocytosis

What is the etiology of a lymphocele?

leakage of lymph due to surgical disruption of lymphatic channels

lymphocele

complications of renal transplantation and gynecologic, vascular or urological surgery

lymphoceles

What are lymphoceles.

complications of renal transplantation and gynecologic, vascular, or urological surgery

What are some possible causes of urinomas?

renal trauma renal surgery obstructing lesion

What two conditions are commonly associated with urinomas?

renal transplantation posterior urethral valve obstruction

Describe the sonographic appearance of a hematoma

variable, and depends on age of collection.

Most hematomas are initially seen as echogenic collections because of _____

rapid fibrin invasion

Gradual hemolysis of a hematoma eventually creates an ____ appearance in a hematoma

anechoic

_____ are often associated with long-standing hematomas

calcifications

What is hematocrit?

the percentage of red blood cells per volume of blood

hematocrit

A normal hematocrit ranges from ___- ____%

40-50

A low hematocrit level indicates:

red blood cell loss

Low hematocrit can be caused by many factors including _____, _____, and ______

internal bleeding iron deficiency external blood loss

What is a Baker's cyst?

a collection of synovial fluid which is found in the popliteal fossa

a collection of synovial fluid which in found in the popliteal fossa

Baker's cyst

Baker's cysts are commonly located in:

medial aspect of popliteal fossa