Flashcards Davies Abdomen 7
Where is the undescended testicle usually found?
80% lie at level of inguinal canal
what are two complications of cryptorchordism?
infertility
cancer
What are symptoms of acute appendicitis?
periumbilical pain
leukocytosis
fever
right lower quadrant pain with rebound tenderness
How does acute appendicitis develop?
from the obstruction of the appendiceal lumen
Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen
acute appendicitis
What are the sonographic signs of an inflamed appendix?
appendix greater than 6 mm in diameter or an appendicloth
What are the symptoms of acutre diverticulitis?
LLQ pain
fever
leukocytosis
What are the sonographic signs of acute diverticulitis?
thickened bowel, or abscess formation in the LLQ
What is a target of pseudokidney sign?
describes abnormal bowel wall thickening. Appears as a hypoechoic external rim representing the thickened intestinal wall and an echogenic center relating to the residual gut lumen or mucosal ulceration
describes abnormal bowel wall thickening. Appears as a hypoechoic external rim representing the thickened intestinal wall and an echogenic center relating to the residual gut lumen or mucosal ulceration
target or pseudokidney sign
What are the signs of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
characterized by hypertrophy of the circular pyloric muscle, resulting in elongation and constriction of the intestines between the stomach and the first portion of the duodenum. Neonates present with projectile vomiting, and a palpable “olive-like” abdominal mass.
characterized by hypertrophy of the circular pyloric muscle, resulting in elongation and constriction of the intestines between the stomach and the first portion of the duodenum. Neonates present with projectile vomiting, and a palpable “olive-like” abdominal mass.
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
A pyloric muscle thickness of > ____ is indicative of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
4 mm
A pyloric channel length of > ____ is indicative of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
1.2 cm
A pyloric cross section of > ____ is indicative of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
1.5 cm
An _____ is the most common cause of obstruction in infants.
intussception
What are the symptoms of intussception?
crampy, intermittent abdominal pain
vomiting
passage of blood through the rectum
What is the sonographic appearance of an intussception?
oval, pseudokidney mass, with central echoes on longitudinal imaging, and a sonolucent doughnut or target configuration on cross-sectional imaging
oval, pseudokidney mass, with central echoes on longitudinal imaging, and a sonolucent doughnut or target configuration on cross-sectional imaging
intussception
Name the four zones of the prostate
peripheral zone
central zone
transition zone
fibromusclar stroma
What zone of the prostate is the source of most prostate cancer
peripheral zone (approx 70%)
What is the classic appearance of prostate cancer on ultrasound?
hypoechoic, peripherally-oriented lesion
What zone of the prostate is not affected by cancer?
fibromuscular stroma
non-glandular, anterior portion of the prostate
fibromuscular stroma
Fibromuscular stroma is not affected by ____, _____, or _____
cancer
prostatitis
hyperplasia
The ______ zone of the prostate is not affected by cancer, prostatitis, or hyperplasia because it is non-glandular.
fibromuscular stroma
Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
enlargement of the inner gland, which is hypoechoic relative to the peripheral zone.
enlargement of the inner gland, which is hypoechoic relative to the peripheral zone
benign prostatic hyperplasia
benign prostatic hyperplasia is enlargement of the inner gland, which is hypoechoic relative to the _____
peripheral zone
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is enlargement of the inner gland, which is _____ relative to the peripheral zone
hypoechoic
BPH originates exclusively from the _____.
inner gland
____ originates exclusively from the inner gland.
BPH
__% of all BPH arises in the transition zone.
95
95% of all BPH arises in the ______
transition zone
__% of BPH arises from the periurethral glands or tissue
5
5% of BPH arises from the ______
periurethral glands or tissue
The ejaculatory ducts pass through the ____ and empties into the urethra.
central zone
The _______ pass through the central zone and empties into the urethra.
ejaculatory ducts
The ejaculatory ducts pass through the central zone and empties into the _____
urethra
______ are two sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate between the urinary bladder and the rectum
seminal vesicles
Seminal vesicles are two sac-like out-pouchings of the _____ situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
vas deferens
Seminal vesicles are two sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the _______ aspect of the prostate between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
superior/posterior
Seminal vesicles are two sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the _____ between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
prostate
Seminal vesicles are two sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate between the _____ and the rectum
urinary bladder
Seminal vesicles are two sac-like out-pouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate between the urinary bladder and the ____
rectum
The base of the prostate is the _____ portion of the gland.
superior
The ____ of the prostate is the superior portion of the gland.
base
The apex of the prostate is the _____ portion of the gland.
inferior
The ____ of the prostate is the inferior portion of the gland.
inferior
The demarcation between the inner gland and the outer gland is called the ____
surgical capsule
What is the surgical capsule of the prostate gland
demarcation between the inner gland and the outer gland
The prostate is situated in the ______
retroperitoneum
The prostate is bordered anteriorly by the _____
pubic bone
The prostate is bordered _____ by the pubic bone
anteriorly
The prostate is bordered posteriorly by the _____
rectum
The prostate is bordered _____ by the rectum
posteriorly
The prostate is bordered ______ by the bladder
superiorly
The prostate is bordered superiorly by the _____
bladder
The prostate is bordered _____ by the urogenital diaphragm
inferiorly
The prostate is bordered inferiorly by the ______
urogenital diaphragm
Describe Prostrate Specific antigen (PSA)
produced exclusively by prostatic acinar cells, and rises in relationship to the amount of benign and/or malignant tissue
PSA is produced exclusively by ______
prostatic acinar cells
____ is produced exclusively by prostatic acinar cells
PSA
PSA will rise with _____, _____, ____, and/or _____
patient age
prostate volume
benign prostatic hyperplasia
prostate cancer
______ will elevate the PSA level approximately 10 times that of benign prostatic hyperplasia
prostate cancer
Prostate cancer will elevate the PSA level approximately ___ times that of benign prostatic hyperplasia
10
Prostate cancer will elevate the PSA level approximately 10 times that of ______
benign prostatic hyperplasia
What is the name of the anatomical point where the posterior sheath of the rectus muscle ends
arcuate line
Above the ______, hematomas are confined within the anterior and posterior rectus sheath
arcuate line
Above the arcuate line, _____ are confined within the anterior and posterior rectus sheath
hematomas
Above the arcuate line, hematomas are confined within the ____ and _____ _______
anterior and posterior rectus sheath
Below the _____, hematomas protrude posteriorly into the pelvis due to the absence of posterior rectus sheath
arcuate line
Below the arcuate line, _____ protrude posteriorly into the pelvis due tot he absence of the posterior rectus sheath
hematomas
Below the arucate line, hematomas protrude _____ in to the pelvis due to the absence of the posterior rectus sheath
posteriorly
Below the arcuate line, hematomas protrude posteriorly into the ____ due to the absence of the posterior rectus sheath
pelvis
Below the arcuate line, hematomas protrude posteriorly into the pelvis due to the absence of the ______
posterior rectus sheath
What is an abcess?
complex collections contains cystic and solid components.
complex collections contains cystic and solid components.
abscess
In most cases, ____, ____, and ____ are seen within an abscess
debris
septations
gas
The borders of an abscess are typically _____, and may be quite ____
irregular
thick
Depending on their cystic component, abscesses typically demonstrate ______
posterior enhancement
Clinically, patients with abscesses should present with ____ and _____
fever
leukocytosis
What is the etiology of a lymphocele?
leakage of lymph due to surgical disruption of lymphatic channels
leakage of lymph due to surgical disruption of lymphatic channels
lymphocele
complications of renal transplantation and gynecologic, vascular or urological surgery
lymphoceles
What are lymphoceles.
complications of renal transplantation and gynecologic, vascular, or urological surgery
What are some possible causes of urinomas?
renal trauma
renal surgery
obstructing lesion
What two conditions are commonly associated with urinomas?
renal transplantation
posterior urethral valve obstruction
Describe the sonographic appearance of a hematoma
variable, and depends on age of collection.
Most hematomas are initially seen as echogenic collections because of _____
rapid fibrin invasion
Gradual hemolysis of a hematoma eventually creates an ____ appearance in a hematoma
anechoic
_____ are often associated with long-standing hematomas
calcifications
What is hematocrit?
the percentage of red blood cells per volume of blood
the percentage of red blood cells per volume of blood
hematocrit
A normal hematocrit ranges from ___- ____%
40-50
A low hematocrit level indicates:
red blood cell loss
Low hematocrit can be caused by many factors including _____, _____, and ______
internal bleeding
iron deficiency
external blood loss
What is a Baker’s cyst?
a collection of synovial fluid which is found in the popliteal fossa
a collection of synovial fluid which in found in the popliteal fossa
Baker’s cyst
Baker’s cysts are commonly located in:
medial aspect of popliteal fossa
