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ARDMS > Flashcards Davies Abdomen 6 > Flashcards

Flashcards Davies Abdomen 6

1
Q

result from injury to the vessel wall where blood extravasates from the vessel. The blood surrounding the vessel is retained and walled off by the surrounding tissues

A

false aneurysms

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2
Q

false aneurysms are also known as

A

pseudoaneurysms

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3
Q

Pseudoaneurysms are also known as

A

false aneurysms

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4
Q

Pseudoaneurysms are more commonly found in the ____, results from catheters introduced into the common femoral artery during angiographic procedures

A

groin

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5
Q

What is a dissecting aneurysm?

A

result from the dissection of the intima away from the aortic wall

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6
Q

result from the dissection of the intima away from the aortic wall

A

dissecting aneurysms

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7
Q

Dissecting aneurysms usually start in the ______

A

thoracic aorta

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8
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of a dissecting aneurysm

A

septation dividing the aorta into a true lumen and a false lumen

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9
Q

Type A dissecting aneurysms involve the :

A

ascending thoracic aorta

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10
Q

Type B dissecting aneurysms start at the origin of the:

A

left subclavian artery

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11
Q

Involve the ascending thoracic aorta

A

Type A dissecting aneurysm

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12
Q

Start at the origin of the left subclavian artery

A

Type B dissecting aneurysm

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13
Q

The _______ are branches of the common iliac veins.

A

ascending lumbar veins

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14
Q

The ascending lumbar veins are branches of the _______>

A

common iliac veins

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15
Q

What is the thoracic continuation of ascending lumbar veins?

A

right continues as the azygos vein

left continues as the hemiazygos vein

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16
Q

The right ascending lumbar vein continues as the ____ vein

A

azygos

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17
Q

The left ascending lumbar vein continues as the _____ vein

A

hemiazygos

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18
Q

The ____ continues as the azygos vein

A

right ascending lumbar vein

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19
Q

The ____ continues as the hemiazygos vein

A

left ascending lumbar vein

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20
Q

The azygos and hemiazygos veins drain into the ____

A

inferior vena cava

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21
Q

The gonadal arteries originate symmetrically from the ____

A

aorta

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22
Q

The gonadal arteries are below the origin of the _____

A

renal arteries

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23
Q

Where does the right gonadal vein drain?

A

right side of the inferior vena cava below the right renal vein

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24
Q

The right gonadal vein drains the ____ or ____.

A

right ovary
right testicle

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25
Q

The _____ drains the right ovary or the right testicle.

A

right gonadal vein

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26
Q

The left gonadal vein drains the _____ or _____.

A

left ovary
left testicle

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27
Q

The _____ drains the left ovary or left testicle

A

left gonadal vein

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28
Q

The left gonadal vein inserts into the _____

A

left renal vein

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29
Q

The left renal vein drains into the _____

A

inferior vena cava

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30
Q

Define retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

a dense, fibrous tissue proliferation that is confined to the paravertebral and central abdominal region, usually at the fourth or fifth lumbar vertebar, overlying the aortic bifurcaion

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31
Q

a dense, fibrous tissue proliferation that is confined to the paravertebral and central abdominal region, usually at the fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra, overlying the aortic bifurcation

A

retroperitoneal fibrosis

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32
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

smooth-marginated, hypoechoic soft tissue mass encasing the aorta and inferior vena cava

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33
Q

smooth-marginated hypoechoic soft tissue mass encasing the aorta and inferior vena cava

A

retroperitoneal fibrosis

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34
Q

Describe the etiology of retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

usually idiopathic (unknown origin)

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35
Q

Causes of retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

autoimmune response
drugs
abdominal aortic aneurysm
infection
retroperitoneal malignancy
radiation therapy
chemotherapy

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36
Q

The strap muscles of the neck are ____ to the thyroid gland

A

anterior

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37
Q

The stenocleidomastoid muscle of the neck is _____ to the thyroid gland

A

anterolateral

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38
Q

The common carotid artery and internal jugular vein are ____ to the thyroid gland

A

lateral

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39
Q

The longus colli muscle is ____ to the thyroid gland

A

posterior

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40
Q

The minor neurovascular bundle is ____ to the thyroid gland.

A

posterior

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41
Q

The normally located parathyroid glands are _____ to the thyroid gland.

42
Q

What is the thyroglossal duct?

A

Embryologically, as primitive cells migrate from the pharyngeal floor to become the thyroid, a residual thyroglossal duct is formed. The thyroglossal duct normally becomes obliterated in fetal life.

43
Q

Embryologically, as primitive cells migrate from the pharyngeal floor to the become the thyroid, a residual ______ is formed. It normally becomes obliterated in fetal life.

A

thyroglossal duct

44
Q

What is a thyroglossal duct cyst?

A

a congenital anomaly that appears as a superficial cyst in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea and superior to the thyroid.

45
Q

a congenital anomaly that appears as a superficial cyst in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea and superior to the thyroid gland

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

46
Q

A thyroglossal duct cyst is a congenital anomaly that appears as a superficial cyst in the ____ of the neck _____ to the trachea and _____ to the thyroid gland.

A

midline
anterior
superior

47
Q

A _____ is commonly diagnosed in preschool aged children or during mid-adolescence and often appears following an upper respiratory infection

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

48
Q

What is the most common malignancy of the thyroid gland?

A

papillary carcinoma

49
Q

the most common primary thyroid cancer, accounting for 75-90% of all cases

A

papillary carcinoma

50
Q

Papillary carcinoma accounts for __-__% of all primary thyroid cancer diagnoses

51
Q

What is the usual presentation of patients with papillary carcinoma>

A

spreads through the lymphatics to nearby cervical lymph nodes

52
Q

Sonographic appearance of papillary carcinoma

A

hypoechoic thyroid mass and adjacent enlarged cervical nodes

53
Q

Name five tumors associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) syndrome

A

pituitary adenoma

parathyroid adenoma

medullary thyroid cancer

pancreatic islet cell tumor

pheochromocytoma

54
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of patients with chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto’s) thyroiditis

A

painless, diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland in young or middle-aged women, and is often associated with hypothyroidism

55
Q

Hashimoto’s is most often associated with

A

hypothyroidism

56
Q

Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is ______ disease

A

autoimmune

57
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of chronic lymphocytic (hashimoto’s) thyroiditis

A

diffusely enlarged thyroid, with a homogeneous but coarse parenchymal echo texture. Thyroid is generally more hypoechoic than the normal thyroid.

58
Q

Diffusely enlarged thyroid, with a homogeneous but coarse parenchymal echo texture. Thyroid is generally more hypoechoic than normal thyroid.

A

chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto’s) thyroiditis

59
Q

What is the appendix testis?

A

a remnant of the Mullerian duct

60
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of the appendix testis?

A

small ovoid structure near the head of the epididymis

61
Q

What the is appendix epididymis?

A

a detached efferent duct, which is seen as a small stalk projecting off the epididymis.

62
Q

small ovoid structure near the head of the epididymis

A

appendix testis

63
Q

a detached efferent duct which is seen as a small stalk projecting off the epididymis

A

appendix epididymis

64
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

the fibrous capsule that surrounds the testicle

65
Q

the fibrous capsule that surrounds the testicle

A

tunica albuginea

66
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

an extension of the peritoneum into the scrotal chamber, which resides along side the testicle.

67
Q

an extension of the peritoneum into the scrotal chamber, which resides along side the testicle

A

tunica vaginalis

68
Q

The inner, or visceral layer of the _____ covers the testis and epididymis.

A

tunica vaginalis

69
Q

The inner, or visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis covers the ____ and the ______

A

testis
epididymis

70
Q

The outer, or parietal layer of the _____ lines the walls of the scrotal chamber

A

tunica vaginalis

71
Q

The outer, or parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis lines the walls of the _____

A

scrotal chamber

72
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

a collection of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum

73
Q

A collection of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum

74
Q

A hydrocele is a collection of serous fluid within the _____ lining the scrotum.

A

tunica vaginalis

75
Q

What is a hematocele.

A

A collection of blood within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum

76
Q

A collection of blood within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum

A

hematocele

77
Q

What is a pyocele?

A

A collection of pus within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum

78
Q

A collection of pus within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum

79
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of a hydrocele

A

fluid collection surrounding the testicle

low-level echoes from fibrin or cholesterol crystals may be visualized within hydrocele

80
Q

Describe the etiology of hydroceles

A

acquired or congenital

81
Q

Causes of acquired hydroceles

A

trauma
torsion
neoplasms
epididymitis
epididymo- orchitis

82
Q

What are varicoceles?

A

dilated, tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus, located posterior to the testis.

83
Q

Varicoceles are located ____ to the testis.

84
Q

Varicoceles are associated with:

A

male infertility

85
Q

dilated, tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus, located posterior to the testis.

A

varicoceles

86
Q

What is the cause of varicoceles?

A

believed to be caused by incompetent valves in the internal spermatic vein.

87
Q

Varicoceles are believed to be caused by incompetent valves in the _____

A

internal spermatic vein

88
Q

Where do varicoceles most commonly appear?

89
Q

The left gonadal vein drains into the_____

A

left renal vein

90
Q

The _____ drains into the left renal vein

A

left gonadal vein

91
Q

When do varicoceles distend?

A

patient is upright
performing valsalva
abdominal compression

92
Q

What are the two most common causes of acute scrotal pain

A

torsion of the spermatic cord

epididymo- orchitis

93
Q

1-6 hours after the onset of torsion, the testicle becomes _____, _____, and _____ when compared to the contralateral normal testis.

A

enlarged
inhomogeneous
hypoechoic

94
Q

Extratesticular findings associated with torsion:

A

enlarged epididymis

skin thickening

reactive hydrocele formation

95
Q

At least ____ degrees of torsion is considered necessary to completely occlude testicular flow.

96
Q

Describe the sonographic findings associated with acute epididymitis.

A

enlarged epididymis, with decreased echogenicity and inhomogeneous echotexture.

Reactive hydrocele formation and skin thickening are associated findings.

97
Q

Both orchitis and testicular torsion sonographically appear as an _______

A

enlarged hypoechoic testicle

98
Q

How would you differentiate between orchitis and testicular torsion?

A

complete testicular torsion = absence of intratesticular flow

Orchitis = hypervascularity

99
Q

cryptorchidism

A

undescended testicles

100
Q

undescended testicles is also known as

A

cryptorchidism

ARDMS (12 decks)

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