URR 3 Flashcards by Billie Harney

picture archival and communication system

PACS

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best form of storage for DICOM images

PACS

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computer servers that store and display DICOM images, easy to back up info to prevent corruption or damage to all files

PACS

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computer memory devices that are part of the PACS systems and is used to store the original study and back up files in separate locations; hardware

Network Attached Storage (NAS)

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refers to a software program that stores medical records, appointments, and other patient information

Radiology Information System (RIS) or Hospital Information System (HIS)

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grayscale images

2D imaging

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2D imaging is used to assess:

organ size, contour, and tissue characteristics

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2D imaging relies on the ultrasound beam being _____ to the structures for best beam reflection and structure visualization

perpendicular

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Transducer frequency is ____ related to depth of penetration

inversely

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Higher frequency transducers have better ____ resolution, but offer less ______

spatial
penetration

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Lower probe frequencies offer better _____ for deeper structures, but ____ resolution is degraded

penetration
spatial

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reutrn of the ultrasound wave to the transducer from a smooth surface

reflection

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The greatest amount of reflection occurs when incident beam is ____ to structure

perpendicular

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reflection that occurs when incident beam is perpendicular to structure

specular reflection

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deflection of ultrasound waves from small structures; red blood cells scatter sound

scatter

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deflection of ultrasound waves due to media with varied acoustic impedance

refraction

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loss of ultrasound signal due to absorption in tissues as it travels

attenuation

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Higher frequencies have ____ attenuation rates

higher

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Time gain compensation is necessary because of ____, _____, _____, and _____

reflection
refraction
scatter
absorption

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used to transmit the sound from the transducer into the patient

ultrasonic gel

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Air between the probe and the patient will cause sound to ____ and no image will be produced

scatter

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The pulse repetition frequency changes with _____

imaging depth

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Deeper imaging ____ PRF because the sound takes longer to travel in and out of the patient

reduces

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Shallower imaging ____ PRF

increases

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_____ depth = increasing PRF

decreasing

Increasing PRF = ____ frame rate and improves _____ resolution

increases temporal

Axial resolution is a type of ____ resolution

spatial

ability to resolve two separate structures that lie parallel to the ultrasound beam

axial resolution

useful for differentiating wall thickness of a vessel, gallbladder, urinary bladder,

axial resolution

Axial resolution improves with ____ transducer frequency, _____ bandwidths, and ____ pulse lengths

higher wider shorter

As the frequency increases, the numerical value for axial resolution decreases and axial resolution ____

improves

Axial resolution improves on the entire image with _____ frequency and ____

increased damping (shorter pulse length)

_____ resolution does not vary with depth, it is the same across the entire image

axial

Can axial resolution be adjusted by the sonographer>

no, unless transducer is changed

Lateral resolution is a type of ____ resolution

spatial

ability to resolve two separate structures that lie perpendicular to the ultrasound beam

lateral resolution

useful for differentiating two atheroma that are side by side in the vessel

lateral resolution

Lateral resolution improves with ____ transducer frequency, ______, ____ bandwidths, and more superficial structures

higher beam focusing wider

The minimum distance between reflectors that is required for the system to be able to identify structures _____ to the axis of the beam

perpendicular

Lateral resolution varies with ____ and ____

width of beam imaging depth

_____ improves the resolution in area of focus

focusing

____ resolution improves with increasing the number of scan lines used per image

lateral

Lateral resolution is best at the _____ portion of the beam

narrowest

narrowest portion of beam

focal point

Can lateral resolution be adjusted by the sonographer.

yes, using focusing and changing sector width

Increasing the size of the FOV by steering the beam into a trapezoidal shape will lead to ____ beam divergence and ____ lateral resolution

increased degraded

ability to differentiate two structure with varied echogenicity

contrast resolution

ability of the image display to distinguish tissues due to subtle variations in reflection intensity

contrast resolution

Contrast resolution varies with ______ of the tissues

impedance mismatch

Can contrast resolution be adjusted by the sonographer

yes, changing dynamic range, rejection, and contrast setting in monitor

Increasing ____/____ = more shades of grey

compression/dynamic rang

Increasing compression/dynamic range = improved ____ resolution

contrast

provides the ability to differentiate a hyperechoic hemangioma within the hypoechoic liver tissue

contrast resolution

____ contrast resolution refers to a more black and white image

poor

A very black and white image demonstrates _____ image contrast, but reduced ____ resolution

increased reduced

B-color or colorize functions will ____ contrast resolution

improve

AKA slice thickness resolution

elevational resolution

Elevational resolution is set by the:

manufacturer

Elevational resolution ____ with thinner image slices

improves

There is a slight improvement of elevational resolution with ____ transducer frequency and ____

increased focusing

_____ focusing with lens can be used to reduce slice thickness and improve resolution

mechanical

Some transducer arrays allow for additional focusing along the thickness of the beam, this will improve _____ resolution

elevational

ability to accurately display moving structures over time

temporal resolution

Temporal resolution is determined by ____, ____, and ____

frame rate lines per frame image depth

Decreasing depth = ____ frequency

increasing

Increasing PRF = _____ frame rate and temporal resolution

increase

_____ frame rate may cause visible delay in display of information, timey delay between transducer movement and anatomy displayed

decreased

_____ temporal resolution will cause the image to "drag" with a visible difference in the motion of the probe and the display of the structure

Degraded

_______ resolution improves with decreased number of focal zones, smaller FOV, decreased image depth, and decreased line density

Temporal

The use of multiple focal zones will improve ____ resolution, but degrade _______ resolution

lateral temproal

___-mode has the best temporal resolution

____ has the worst temporal resolution

color Doppler

Normal echogenicities in the abdomen from most echogenic to least echogenic

renal sinus pancreas spleen liver renal parenchyma

round or oval; well-defined borders; thin wall; increased through transmission; posterior enhancement

cyst

neoplasm with sound attenuation related to the tissue composition

solid

without echoes

anechoic

less echogenic

hypoechoic

more echogenic

hyperechoic

the same echogenicity

isoechoic

_____ output increases the amplitude of the voltage spike applied to the transducer and the intensity of the beam produced

increased

Is Power/output adjustable?

yes

Power/output increases patient exposure to ultrasound by:

increasing beam intensity

If the entire image is too dark, increase the ____ settings first because it does not increase intensity

gain

If the entire image is too bright, reduce the ____ first because it reduces intensity

power/output

as low as reasonably achievable

ALARA

When using diagnostic ultrasound, the prudent course of action is to use ultrasound when:

the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk of exposure

_____ is necessary because of reflection, refraction, scatter, and absorption

time gain compensation

adjusts the amplitude of the returned reflection

time gain compensation

____ keys create uniform brightness from top to bottom of image

TGC

____ adjusts the brightness of the entire image

overall gain

Can the sonographer adjust the gain settings?

yes

Gain is measured in:

Gain does not affect:

beam intensity

What do you to if image is too dark?

increase receiver gain

What do you do if image is too bright?

decrease output power

An "______" image can create debris in a simple cyst

over-gained

An "_____" image can cause a solid mass to appear cystic

under-gained

What two structures are used to establish proper gain settings for an abdominal ultrasound?

gallbladder IVC

without echoes or reflections

anechoic

aka echolucent or sonolucent

anechoic